Unsoundness with the variance of type lambda bounded type variables

[neko-kai]

Minimized code

case class Contra[-A](f: A => Int)

case class Covarify[+F <: ([A] =>> Any), +A](fa: F[A])

@main def main = {
  val x = Covarify[Contra, Int](Contra[Int](_ + 5))
  val y: Covarify[Contra, Any] = x
  println(y.fa.f("abc"))
}

https://scastie.scala-lang.org/ZfaseMB6QnyGTFsihR9FUQ

Output

java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.String cannot be cast to java.lang.Integer
	at scala.runtime.BoxesRunTime.unboxToInt(BoxesRunTime.java:99)
	at dotty.runtime.function.JFunction1$mcII$sp.apply(JFunction1$mcII$sp.java:12)
	at main$package$.main(main.scala:8)
	at main.main(main.scala:5)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at sbt.Run.invokeMain(Run.scala:115)
	at sbt.Run.execute$1(Run.scala:79)
	at sbt.Run.$anonfun$runWithLoader$4(Run.scala:92)
	at scala.runtime.java8.JFunction0$mcV$sp.apply(JFunction0$mcV$sp.java:23)
	at sbt.util.InterfaceUtil$$anon$1.get(InterfaceUtil.scala:10)
	at sbt.TrapExit$App.run(TrapExit.scala:257)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

Expectation

Either case class Covarify[+F <: ([A] =>> Any), +A](fa: F[A]) or Covarify[Contra, Int] should be rejected. Rejecting the former might require reintroducing type lambda variance, to be able to express the desired kind F[+_] as the bound _ <: ([+A] =>> Any).

[smarter]

Rejecting the former might require reintroducing type lambda variance, to be able to express the desired kind F[+_] as the bound _ <: ([+A] =>> Any).

I think we intentionally chose to not support this as one can always write F[+A] instead.

[Odomontois]

I think we intentionally chose to not support this as one can always write F[+A] instead.

@smarter
What would they do if the code is kind-polymorphic and they have to supply type for the K <: AnyKind parameter?

[smarter]

We added AnyKind in the language because there's some situations where it's useful, but we make no guarantee that it is always usable as one would hope (we can always try to improve that after 3.0 if needed), however if I understand your question correctly, using AnyKind is not a problem here:

class Foo { type X <: AnyKind }
class Bar extends Foo { type X[+A] <: String }

[Odomontois]

@smarter

case class Covarify[+F[_], +A](fa: F[A])
case class PolyK[K <: AnyKind, C[f[_ <: K], a <: K],  F[_ <: K] , A <: K](c: C[F, A])
PolyK[ ??? , Covarify, List, Int](Covarify(List(1)))

[smarter]

Not sure what's going on here, but you have PolyK[..., A <: K] and below PolyK[..., Int], so K would have to be Any?

[neko-kai]

@Odomontois The issue in that snippet seems to be not with AnyKind, but with variance on f, the following works:

case class Covarify[+F[+_], +A](fa: F[A])

case class PolyK[K <: AnyKind, C[f[+_ <: K], a <: K],  F[+_ <: K] , A <: K](c: C[F, A])

case class MonoK[C[f[+_], a], F[+_], A](c: C[F, A])

@main def main = {
  MonoK[Covarify, List, Int](Covarify(List(1)))
  
  PolyK[Any, Covarify, List, Int](Covarify(List(1)))
}