Update user-defined triton kernels tutorial with new torch.library.triton_op (#3227)

Update user-defined triton kernels tutorial with new torch.library.triton_op
The new API is a more advanced complement to the existing APIs.
---------

Co-authored-by: Svetlana Karslioglu <svekars@meta.com>

Author: zou3519

recipes_source/torch_compile_user_defined_triton_kernel_tutorial.py

@@ -140,17 +140,224 @@ def add_fn(x, y):
     print(f"Vector addition of\nX:\t{x}\nY:\t{y}\nis equal to\n{out}")
 
 ######################################################################
-# Composibility and Limitations
+# Composability
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# User-defined Triton kernels do not automatically support all PyTorch
+# subsystems. This can be seen in the following use cases:
+#
+# - Adding a CPU fallback
+# - Adding a ``FlopCounter`` formula
+# - Composing with Tensor Subclasses
+#
+# To compose with additional PyTorch subsystems, use ``torch.library.triton_op``.
+#
+# ``triton_op is`` a structured way of defining a custom operator that is backed by one
+# or more Triton kernels: like regular custom operators (``torch.library.custom_op``),
+# you are able to specify the interactions with PyTorch subsystems via ``torch.library``.
+# However, unlike ``torch.library.custom_op``, which creates opaque callables with respect to
+# ``torch.compile``, ``torch.compile`` traces into ``triton_op`` to apply optimizations.
+#
+# Here’s a chart of which API to use when integrating Triton kernels with PyTorch.
+#
+# .. list-table::
+#    :header-rows: 1
+#
+#    * -
+#      - Triton kernel (no explicit ``torch.library`` wrapper)
+#      - ``torch.library.triton_op``
+#      - ``torch.library.custom_op``
+#    * - Supports inference
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#    * - Supports training
+#      - In the majority of cases
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#    * - Supports ``torch.compile``
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#    * - Supports ``torch.compile(fullgraph=True)``
+#      - In the majority of cases
+#      - In the majority of cases
+#      - In all cases
+#    * - Does torch.compile trace into the implementation?
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#      - No
+#    * - Supports AOTInductor
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+#      - No
+#    * - Supports PyTorch Subsystems like FlopCounterMode, CPU Fallback, Tensor Subclasses
+#      - No
+#      - Yes
+#      - Yes
+
+######################################################################
+# Wrapping Triton kernels with ``triton_op``
+# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+#
+# Use ``torch.library.triton_op`` to wrap a function that may invoke one or more Triton kernels.
+# Use ``torch.library.wrap_triton`` to wrap the calls to the Triton kernel.
+
+from torch.library import triton_op, wrap_triton
+
+@triton_op("mylib::mysin", mutates_args={})
+def mysin(x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    out = torch.empty_like(x)
+    n_elements = x.numel()
+    wrap_triton(sin_kernel)[(n_elements,)](x, out, n_elements, BLOCK_SIZE=4)
+    return out
+
+@triton.jit
+def sin_kernel(
+    in_ptr0,
+    out_ptr,
+    n_elements,
+    BLOCK_SIZE: "tl.constexpr",
+):
+    pid = tl.program_id(axis=0)
+    block_start = pid * BLOCK_SIZE
+    offsets = block_start + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
+    mask = offsets < n_elements
+    x = tl.load(in_ptr0 + offsets, mask=mask)
+    output = tl.sin(x)
+    tl.store(out_ptr + offsets, output, mask=mask)
+
+def sin_triton(x):
+    out = torch.empty_like(x)
+    n_elements = x.numel()
+    sin_kernel[(n_elements,)](x, out, n_elements, BLOCK_SIZE=4)
+    return out
+
+######################################################################
+# You can invoke the ``triton_op`` in one of the following two ways.
+
+x = torch.randn(3, device="cuda")
+y = mysin(x)
+z = torch.ops.mylib.mysin.default(x)
+
+assert torch.allclose(y, x.sin())
+assert torch.allclose(z, x.sin())
+
+######################################################################
+# The resulting ``triton_op`` works with ``torch.compile`` and ``AOTInductor``.
+
+y = torch.compile(mysin)(x)
+assert torch.allclose(y, x.sin())
+
+######################################################################
+# Adding training support
+# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+#
+# Use ``register_autograd`` to add an autograd formula for the ``triton_op``.
+# Prefer this to using ``torch.autograd.Function`` (which has various composability footguns
+# with ``torch.compile``).
+
+def backward(ctx, grad_output):
+    x, = ctx.saved_tensors
+    return grad_input * x.cos()
+
+def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
+    x, = inputs
+    ctx.save_for_backward(x)
+
+mysin.register_autograd(backward, setup_context=setup_context)
+
+######################################################################
+# Note that the backward must be a composition of PyTorch-understood operators.
+# If you want the backward to call Triton kernels, then those must be wrapped in ``triton_op`` as well:
+
+@triton.jit
+def cos_kernel(
+    in_ptr0,
+    out_ptr,
+    n_elements,
+    BLOCK_SIZE: "tl.constexpr",
+):
+    pid = tl.program_id(axis=0)
+    block_start = pid * BLOCK_SIZE
+    offsets = block_start + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
+    mask = offsets < n_elements
+    x = tl.load(in_ptr0 + offsets, mask=mask)
+    output = tl.cos(x)
+    tl.store(out_ptr + offsets, output, mask=mask)
+
+@triton_op("mylib::mycos", mutates_args={})
+def mycos(x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    out = torch.empty_like(x)
+    n_elements = x.numel()
+    wrap_triton(cos_kernel)[(n_elements,)](x, out, n_elements, BLOCK_SIZE=4)
+    return out
+
+def backward(ctx, grad_output):
+    x, = ctx.saved_tensors
+    return grad_input * mycos(x)
+
+def setup_context(ctx, inputs, output):
+    x, = inputs
+    ctx.save_for_backward(x)
+
+mysin.register_autograd(backward, setup_context=setup_context)
+
+######################################################################
+# Adding a CPU Fallback
+# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+# Triton kernels don’t run on CPU. Use  ``register_kernel`` to add a CPU (or any other device) fallback for the ``triton_op``:
+
+@mysin.register_kernel("cpu")
+def _(x):
+    return torch.sin(x)
+
+x = torch.randn(3)
+y = mysin(x)
+assert torch.allclose(y, x.sin())
+
+######################################################################
+# The fallback must be composed of PyTorch operators.
+
+######################################################################
+# Adding a FlopCounter Formula
+# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+#
+# To specify how many flops the triton kernel reports under PyTorch's flop counter,
+# use ``register_flop_formula``.
+
+from torch.utils.flop_counter import FlopCounterMode, register_flop_formula
+
+@register_flop_formula(torch.ops.mylib.mysin)
+def _(x_shape):
+    numel = 1
+    for s in x_shape:
+        numel *= s
+    return numel
+
+x = torch.randn(3, device="cuda")
+
+#########################################################
+# ``FlopCounterMode`` requires `tabulate <https://pypi.org/project/tabulate/>`__.
+# Before running the code below, make sure you have ``tabulate`` installed or install by
+# running ``pip install tabulate``. 
+#
+# >>> with FlopCounterMode() as flop_counter:
+# >>>     y = mysin(x)
+
+######################################################################
+# Limitations
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
 # As of PyTorch 2.3, the support for user-defined Triton kernels in ``torch.compile``
 # includes dynamic shapes, ``torch.autograd.Function``, JIT inductor, and AOT inductor.
 # You can use these features together to build complex, high-performance models.
 #
+# PyTorch 2.6 added ``torch.library.triton_op``, which adds support for
+# user-defined Triton kernels in tensor subclasses and other advanced features.
+#
 # However, there are certain limitations to be aware of:
 #
-# * **Tensor Subclasses:** Currently, there is no support for
-#   tensor subclasses and other advanced features.
 # * **Triton Features:** While ``triton.heuristics`` can be used either standalone or
 #   before ``triton.autotune``, it cannot be used after ``triton.autotune``. This
 #   implies that if ``triton.heuristics`` and ``triton.autotune`` are to be used