PERF: ArrowExtensionArray._from_sequence

[lukemanley]

• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

Avoid an unnecessary cast in ArrowExtensionArray._from_sequence.

Noticed the time spent there when transposing and arrow-backed dataframe:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import pyarrow as pa

data = np.random.randn(10_000, 10)
dtype = pd.ArrowDtype(pa.float64())
df = pd.DataFrame(data, dtype=dtype)

%timeit df.T

# 254 ms ± 14.6 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)    <- main
# 169 ms ± 3.69 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)  <- PR

[mroeschke]

Thanks @lukemanley