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dsa-solutions/lc-solutions/0100-0199/0156-binary-tree-upside-down.md

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+---
+id: binary-tree-upside-down
+title: Binary Tree Upside Down
+sidebar_label: 0156-Binary Tree Upside Down
+tags:
+  - Binary Tree
+  - Leet code
+description: "Solution to leetocde 156"
+---
+
+## Problem Description
+
+Given a binary tree where all the right nodes are either leaf nodes with a sibling (a left node that shares the same parent node) or empty, flip it upside down and turn it into a tree where the original right nodes turned into left leaf nodes. Return the new root.
+
+### Example:
+
+```
+Input: [1,2,3,4,5]
+
+    1
+   / \
+  2   3
+ / \
+4   5
+
+Output: return the root of the binary tree [4,5,2,#,#,3,1]
+
+   4
+  / \
+ 5   2
+    / \
+   3   1
+```
+
+### Algorithm
+
+1. **Base Case**: If the root is `None` or the root has no left child, return the root.
+2. **Recursive Case**: Recursively process the left child of the root.
+3. **Reassign Pointers**: Once you reach the new root, start reassigning the pointers:
+   - The left child's left pointer should point to the original root's right child.
+   - The left child's right pointer should point to the original root.
+4. **Clear Original Pointers**: Set the original root's left and right pointers to `None`.
+5. **Return the New Root**: Return the new root of the upside-down tree.
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from typing import Optional
+
+class TreeNode:
+    def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+        self.val = val
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
+
+class Solution:
+    def upsideDownBinaryTree(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        if root is None or root.left is None:
+            return root
+        new_root = self.upsideDownBinaryTree(root.left)
+        root.left.right = root
+        root.left.left = root.right
+        root.left = None
+        root.right = None
+        return new_root
+```
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+struct TreeNode {
+    int val;
+    TreeNode *left;
+    TreeNode *right;
+    TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
+};
+
+class Solution {
+public:
+    TreeNode* upsideDownBinaryTree(TreeNode* root) {
+        if (root == nullptr || root->left == nullptr)
+            return root;
+        TreeNode* new_root = upsideDownBinaryTree(root->left);
+        root->left->right = root;
+        root->left->left = root->right;
+        root->left = nullptr;
+        root->right = nullptr;
+        return new_root;
+    }
+};
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+class TreeNode {
+    int val;
+    TreeNode left;
+    TreeNode right;
+    TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
+}
+
+public class Solution {
+    public TreeNode upsideDownBinaryTree(TreeNode root) {
+        if (root == null || root.left == null) return root;
+        TreeNode newRoot = upsideDownBinaryTree(root.left);
+        root.left.left = root.right;
+        root.left.right = root;
+        root.left = null;
+        root.right = null;
+        return newRoot;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### JavaScript
+
+```javascript
+function TreeNode(val) {
+  this.val = val;
+  this.left = this.right = null;
+}
+
+var upsideDownBinaryTree = function (root) {
+  if (root === null || root.left === null) return root;
+  let newRoot = upsideDownBinaryTree(root.left);
+  root.left.left = root.right;
+  root.left.right = root;
+  root.left = null;
+  root.right = null;
+  return newRoot;
+};
+```

dsa-solutions/lc-solutions/0100-0199/0157-Read-n-characters-given.md

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+---
+id: read-n-characters-given
+title: Read N characters Given
+sidebar_label: 0157-Read N Characters Given
+tags:
+  - Leet code
+description: "Solution to leetocde 157"
+---
+
+### Problem Description
+
+Given a file and assume that you can only read the file using a given method read4, implement a method to read n characters.
+
+### Examples
+
+Example 1:
+
+```
+Input: file = "abc", n = 4
+Output: 3
+Explanation: After calling your read method, buf should contain "abc". We read a total of 3 characters from the file, so return 3. Note that "abc" is the file's content, not buf. buf is the destination buffer that you will have to write the results to.
+```
+
+Example 2:
+
+```
+Input: file = "abcde", n = 5
+Output: 5
+Explanation: After calling your read method, buf should contain "abcde". We read a total of 5 characters from the file, so return 5.
+```
+
+Example 3:
+
+```
+Input: file = "abcdABCD1234", n = 12
+Output: 12
+Explanation: After calling your read method, buf should contain "abcdABCD1234". We read a total of 12 characters from the file, so return 12.
+```
+
+Example 4:
+
+```
+Input: file = "leetcode", n = 5
+Output: 5
+Explanation: After calling your read method, buf should contain "leetc". We read a total of 5 characters from the file, so return 5.
+```
+
+### Note:
+
+- Consider that you cannot manipulate the file directly, the file is only accesible for read4 but not for read.
+- The read function will only be called once for each test case.
+- You may assume the destination buffer array, buf, is guaranteed to have enough space for storing n characters.
+
+### Algorithm
+
+1. **Initialization**:
+
+   - `buf4`: A temporary buffer that stores the characters read by `read4`.
+   - `i4`: Index for iterating over `buf4`.
+   - `n4`: Number of characters actually read by `read4`.
+   - `i`: Index for iterating over the destination buffer `buf`.
+
+2. **Reading Characters**:
+
+   - The loop continues until `i` (number of characters written to `buf`) reaches `n` (the requested number of characters).
+   - If all characters in `buf4` are consumed (`i4 == n4`), `read4` is called again to refill `buf4` and reset `i4`.
+   - If `read4` returns 0 (`n4 == 0`), it means the end of the file has been reached, and the function returns the number of characters read so far.
+   - Characters from `buf4` are copied to `buf` one by one, and both indices (`i` and `i4`) are incremented accordingly.
+
+3. **Return**:
+   - The function returns the total number of characters read, which is the value of `i`.
+
+### Code Implementation
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+
+class Solution {
+ public:
+  /**
+   * @param buf Destination buffer
+   * @param n   Number of characters to read
+   * @return    The number of actual characters read
+   */
+  int read(char* buf, int n) {
+    char* buf4 = new char[4];
+    int i4 = 0;  // buf4's index
+    int n4 = 0;  // buf4's size
+    int i = 0;   // buf's index
+
+    while (i < n) {
+      if (i4 == n4) {      // All the characters in the buf4 are consumed.
+        i4 = 0;            // Reset the buf4's index.
+        n4 = read4(buf4);  // Read <= 4 characters from the file to the buf4.
+        if (n4 == 0)       // Reach the EOF.
+          return i;
+      }
+      buf[i++] = buf4[i4++];
+    }
+
+    return i;
+  }
+};
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.buf4 = [''] * 4  # Temporary buffer to store characters read by read4
+        self.i4 = 0           # Index for iterating over buf4
+        self.n4 = 0           # Number of characters actually read by read4
+
+    def read4(self, buf4):
+        # This method is provided in the parent class or environment.
+        pass
+
+    def read(self, buf, n):
+        i = 0  # Index for the destination buffer buf
+
+        while i < n:
+            if self.i4 == self.n4:
+                self.n4 = self.read4(self.buf4)
+                self.i4 = 0
+                if self.n4 == 0:
+                    break
+
+            while i < n and self.i4 < self.n4:
+                buf[i] = self.buf4[self.i4]
+                i += 1
+                self.i4 += 1
+
+        return i
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+/**
+ * The read4 API is defined in the parent class Reader4.
+ *     int read4(char[] buf4);
+ */
+
+public class Solution extends Reader4 {
+    private char[] buf4 = new char[4];
+    private int i4 = 0;
+    private int n4 = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @param buf Destination buffer
+     * @param n   Number of characters to read
+     * @return    The number of actual characters read
+     */
+    public int read(char[] buf, int n) {
+        int i = 0;
+
+        while (i < n) {
+            if (i4 == n4) {
+                n4 = read4(buf4);
+                i4 = 0;
+                if (n4 == 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            while (i < n && i4 < n4) {
+                buf[i++] = buf4[i4++];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return i;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### JavaScript
+
+```javascript
+/**
+ * Definition for read4 API
+ * read4 = function(buf4) {
+ *     // Reads 4 characters at a time and writes to buf4
+ *     // Returns the number of characters actually read
+ * }
+ */
+
+var Solution = function () {
+  this.buf4 = new Array(4);
+  this.i4 = 0;
+  this.n4 = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @param {character[]} buf Destination buffer
+ * @param {number} n Number of characters to read
+ * @return {number} The number of actual characters read
+ */
+Solution.prototype.read = function (buf, n) {
+  let i = 0;
+
+  while (i < n) {
+    if (this.i4 === this.n4) {
+      this.n4 = read4(this.buf4);
+      this.i4 = 0;
+      if (this.n4 === 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    while (i < n && this.i4 < this.n4) {
+      buf[i++] = this.buf4[this.i4++];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return i;
+};
+```