fix(material/slider) Update slider to use injected document

[timsawyer]

Update Angular Material slider component to inject reference
to document instead of accessing global variable. This allows for
rendering the slider in contexts where the document is dynamically
provided. This change follows the pattern used in Cdk OverlayContainer.

[crisbeto]

This probably won't do much, because there's some logic in the slider that depends on getBoundingClientRect which won't work on a stubbed-out document anyway.

[timsawyer]

In the slider, getBoundingClientRect is called on _sliderWrapper.nativeElement, not the document, so this change would not affect that logic.

[jelbourn]

LGTM

[jelbourn]

Overall looks good, just a couple comments

[mmalerba]

Looks good, just run this to update the API golden file:

bazel run //tools/public_api_guard:material/slider.d.ts_api.accept

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