diff --git a/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js b/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
index e3080d7d5..da11e0426 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ module.exports = {
   create(context) {
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {BlockStatement | Expression} body
      */
     /** @type {Map<ObjectExpression, ComponentComputedProperty[]>} */
     const computedPropertiesMap = new Map()
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scopeStack
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     const expressionTypes = {
       promise: 'asynchronous action',
@@ -105,11 +105,14 @@ module.exports = {
         verify(node, node.body, 'async', computedPropertiesMap.get(vueNode))
       }
 
-      scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, body: node.body }
+      scopeStack = {
+        upper: scopeStack,
+        body: node.body
+      }
     }
 
     function onFunctionExit() {
-      scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+      scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
     }
 
     /**
@@ -146,6 +149,9 @@ module.exports = {
       ':function:exit': onFunctionExit,
 
       NewExpression(node, { node: vueNode }) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         if (
           node.callee.type === 'Identifier' &&
           node.callee.name === 'Promise'
@@ -160,6 +166,9 @@ module.exports = {
       },
 
       CallExpression(node, { node: vueNode }) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         if (isPromise(node)) {
           verify(
             node,
@@ -178,6 +187,9 @@ module.exports = {
       },
 
       AwaitExpression(node, { node: vueNode }) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         verify(
           node,
           scopeStack.body,
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-bare-strings-in-template.js b/lib/rules/no-bare-strings-in-template.js
index 29bc17dbb..e8dc5bfcd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-bare-strings-in-template.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-bare-strings-in-template.js
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ module.exports = {
   /** @param {RuleContext} context */
   create(context) {
     /**
-     * @typedef { { upper: ElementStack, name: string, attrs: Set<string> } } ElementStack
+     * @typedef { { upper: ElementStack | null, name: string, attrs: Set<string> } } ElementStack
      */
     const opts = context.options[0] || {}
     /** @type {string[]} */
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ module.exports = {
       'gu'
     )
 
-    /** @type {ElementStack} */
-    let elementStack
+    /** @type {ElementStack | null} */
+    let elementStack = null
     /**
      * Gets the bare string from given string
      * @param {string} str
@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ module.exports = {
         }
       },
       'VElement:exit'() {
-        elementStack = elementStack.upper
+        elementStack = elementStack && elementStack.upper
       },
       /** @param {VAttribute|VDirective} node */
       VAttribute(node) {
-        if (!node.value) {
+        if (!node.value || !elementStack) {
           return
         }
         if (node.directive === false) {
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-lifecycle-after-await.js b/lib/rules/no-lifecycle-after-await.js
index 2b5304c9b..7688d5b70 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-lifecycle-after-await.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-lifecycle-after-await.js
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module.exports = {
      */
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {FunctionDeclaration | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression} functionNode
      */
     /** @type {Set<ESNode>} */
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ module.exports = {
     /** @type {Map<FunctionDeclaration | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression, SetupFunctionData>} */
     const setupFunctions = new Map()
 
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scopeStack
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return Object.assign(
       {
@@ -81,7 +81,10 @@ module.exports = {
       },
       utils.defineVueVisitor(context, {
         ':function'(node) {
-          scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, functionNode: node }
+          scopeStack = {
+            upper: scopeStack,
+            functionNode: node
+          }
         },
         onSetupFunctionEnter(node) {
           setupFunctions.set(node, {
@@ -90,18 +93,20 @@ module.exports = {
           })
         },
         AwaitExpression() {
-          const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(
-            scopeStack && scopeStack.functionNode
-          )
+          if (!scopeStack) {
+            return
+          }
+          const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(scopeStack.functionNode)
           if (!setupFunctionData) {
             return
           }
           setupFunctionData.afterAwait = true
         },
         CallExpression(node) {
-          const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(
-            scopeStack && scopeStack.functionNode
-          )
+          if (!scopeStack) {
+            return
+          }
+          const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(scopeStack.functionNode)
           if (!setupFunctionData || !setupFunctionData.afterAwait) {
             return
           }
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ module.exports = {
           }
         },
         ':function:exit'(node) {
-          scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+          scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
 
           setupFunctions.delete(node)
         }
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js b/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
index 43b1856ee..3c6ce4446 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
@@ -68,17 +68,20 @@ module.exports = {
     }
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {FunctionDeclaration | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression} functionNode
      */
     /**
-     * @type {ScopeStack}
+     * @type {ScopeStack | null}
      */
-    let scopeStack
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return utils.defineVueVisitor(context, {
       ':function'(node) {
-        scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, functionNode: node }
+        scopeStack = {
+          upper: scopeStack,
+          functionNode: node
+        }
       },
       onSetupFunctionEnter(node) {
         const propsParam = utils.unwrapAssignmentPattern(node.params[0])
@@ -113,6 +116,9 @@ module.exports = {
         setupScopePropsReferenceIds.set(node, propsReferenceIds)
       },
       VariableDeclarator(node) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         const propsReferenceIds = setupScopePropsReferenceIds.get(
           scopeStack.functionNode
         )
@@ -122,6 +128,9 @@ module.exports = {
         verify(node.id, node.init, propsReferenceIds)
       },
       AssignmentExpression(node) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         const propsReferenceIds = setupScopePropsReferenceIds.get(
           scopeStack.functionNode
         )
@@ -131,7 +140,7 @@ module.exports = {
         verify(node.left, node.right, propsReferenceIds)
       },
       ':function:exit'(node) {
-        scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+        scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
 
         setupScopePropsReferenceIds.delete(node)
       }
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-side-effects-in-computed-properties.js b/lib/rules/no-side-effects-in-computed-properties.js
index 761b1ac61..4d5c79e49 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-side-effects-in-computed-properties.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-side-effects-in-computed-properties.js
@@ -32,16 +32,26 @@ module.exports = {
     /** @type {Map<ObjectExpression, ComponentComputedProperty[]>} */
     const computedPropertiesMap = new Map()
 
-    /** @type { { upper: any, body: null | BlockStatement | Expression } } */
-    let scopeStack = { upper: null, body: null }
+    /**
+     * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
+     * @property {BlockStatement | Expression | null} body
+     */
+    /**
+     * @type {ScopeStack | null}
+     */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     /** @param {FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration} node */
     function onFunctionEnter(node) {
-      scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, body: node.body }
+      scopeStack = {
+        upper: scopeStack,
+        body: node.body
+      }
     }
 
     function onFunctionExit() {
-      scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+      scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
     }
 
     return utils.defineVueVisitor(context, {
@@ -59,6 +69,9 @@ module.exports = {
         node,
         { node: vueNode }
       ) {
+        if (!scopeStack) {
+          return
+        }
         const targetBody = scopeStack.body
         const computedProperty = /** @type {ComponentComputedProperty[]} */ (computedPropertiesMap.get(
           vueNode
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-template-shadow.js b/lib/rules/no-template-shadow.js
index c228642f4..44f26cf57 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-template-shadow.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-template-shadow.js
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} parent
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} parent
      * @property {Identifier[]} nodes
      */
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scope
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Public
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ module.exports = {
       {
         /** @param {VElement} node */
         VElement(node) {
-          scope = {
-            parent: scope,
-            nodes: scope
-              ? scope.nodes.slice() // make copy
+          scopeStack = {
+            parent: scopeStack,
+            nodes: scopeStack
+              ? scopeStack.nodes.slice() // make copy
               : []
           }
           if (node.variables) {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module.exports = {
               const varNode = variable.id
               const name = varNode.name
               if (
-                scope.nodes.some((node) => node.name === name) ||
+                scopeStack.nodes.some((node) => node.name === name) ||
                 jsVars.has(name)
               ) {
                 context.report({
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ module.exports = {
                   }
                 })
               } else {
-                scope.nodes.push(varNode)
+                scopeStack.nodes.push(varNode)
               }
             }
           }
         },
         'VElement:exit'() {
-          scope = scope.parent
+          scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.parent
         }
       },
       utils.executeOnVue(context, (obj) => {
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js b/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
index d9a8c3822..fc46dcd6f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration} functionNode
      */
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scopeStack
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return Object.assign(
       {
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ module.exports = {
       utils.defineVueVisitor(context, {
         /** @param {FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration} node */
         ':function'(node) {
-          scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, functionNode: node }
+          scopeStack = {
+            upper: scopeStack,
+            functionNode: node
+          }
         },
         onSetupFunctionEnter(node) {
           setupFunctions.set(node, {
@@ -97,6 +100,9 @@ module.exports = {
           })
         },
         AwaitExpression() {
+          if (!scopeStack) {
+            return
+          }
           const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(scopeStack.functionNode)
           if (!setupFunctionData) {
             return
@@ -105,6 +111,9 @@ module.exports = {
         },
         /** @param {CallExpression} node */
         CallExpression(node) {
+          if (!scopeStack) {
+            return
+          }
           const setupFunctionData = setupFunctions.get(scopeStack.functionNode)
           if (!setupFunctionData || !setupFunctionData.afterAwait) {
             return
@@ -119,7 +128,7 @@ module.exports = {
         },
         /** @param {FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration} node */
         ':function:exit'(node) {
-          scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+          scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
 
           setupFunctions.delete(node)
         }
diff --git a/lib/rules/require-direct-export.js b/lib/rules/require-direct-export.js
index 4464569ff..c3eaebd01 100644
--- a/lib/rules/require-direct-export.js
+++ b/lib/rules/require-direct-export.js
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {boolean} withinVue3FunctionalBody
      */
 
     /** @type { { body: BlockStatement, hasReturnArgument: boolean } } */
     let maybeVue3Functional
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scopeStack
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return {
       /** @param {Declaration | Expression} node */
diff --git a/lib/rules/require-valid-default-prop.js b/lib/rules/require-valid-default-prop.js
index 5003d20c7..3779fa9ab 100644
--- a/lib/rules/require-valid-default-prop.js
+++ b/lib/rules/require-valid-default-prop.js
@@ -106,17 +106,29 @@ module.exports = {
      */
     const vueObjectPropsContexts = new Map()
 
-    /** @type { { upper: any, body: null | BlockStatement | Expression, returnTypes?: null | ReturnType[] } } */
-    let scopeStack = { upper: null, body: null, returnTypes: null }
+    /**
+     * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
+     * @property {BlockStatement | Expression} body
+     * @property {null | ReturnType[]} [returnTypes]
+     */
+    /**
+     * @type {ScopeStack | null}
+     */
+    let scopeStack = null
     /**
      * @param {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} node
      */
     function onFunctionEnter(node) {
-      scopeStack = { upper: scopeStack, body: node.body, returnTypes: null }
+      scopeStack = {
+        upper: scopeStack,
+        body: node.body,
+        returnTypes: null
+      }
     }
 
     function onFunctionExit() {
-      scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+      scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/lib/rules/return-in-emits-validator.js b/lib/rules/return-in-emits-validator.js
index 15493a8d0..c4ced9074 100644
--- a/lib/rules/return-in-emits-validator.js
+++ b/lib/rules/return-in-emits-validator.js
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} upper
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} upper
      * @property {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} functionNode
      * @property {boolean} hasReturnValue
      * @property {boolean} possibleOfReturnTrue
      */
     /**
-     * @type {ScopeStack}
+     * @type {ScopeStack | null}
      */
-    let scopeStack
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return Object.assign(
       {},
@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@ module.exports = {
         },
         /** @param {ReturnStatement} node */
         ReturnStatement(node) {
+          if (!scopeStack) {
+            return
+          }
           if (node.argument) {
             scopeStack.hasReturnValue = true
 
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ module.exports = {
         },
         /** @param {FunctionExpression | FunctionDeclaration | ArrowFunctionExpression} node */
         ':function:exit'(node) {
-          if (!scopeStack.possibleOfReturnTrue) {
+          if (scopeStack && !scopeStack.possibleOfReturnTrue) {
             const emits = emitsValidators.find((e) => e.value === node)
             if (emits) {
               context.report({
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ module.exports = {
             }
           }
 
-          scopeStack = scopeStack.upper
+          scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.upper
         }
       })
     )
diff --git a/lib/rules/sort-keys.js b/lib/rules/sort-keys.js
index 5e4fa3c10..664186bdd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/sort-keys.js
+++ b/lib/rules/sort-keys.js
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ObjectStack
-     * @property {ObjectStack} ObjectStack.upper
+     * @property {ObjectStack | null} ObjectStack.upper
      * @property {string | null} ObjectStack.prevName
      * @property {number} ObjectStack.numKeys
      * @property {VueState} ObjectStack.vueState
@@ -170,17 +170,17 @@ module.exports = {
 
     /**
      * The stack to save the previous property's name for each object literals.
-     * @type {ObjectStack}
+     * @type {ObjectStack | null}
      */
-    let stack
+    let objectStack
 
     return {
       ObjectExpression(node) {
         /** @type {VueState} */
         const vueState = {}
-        const upperVueState = (stack && stack.vueState) || {}
-        stack = {
-          upper: stack,
+        const upperVueState = (objectStack && objectStack.vueState) || {}
+        objectStack = {
+          upper: objectStack,
           prevName: null,
           numKeys: node.properties.length,
           vueState
@@ -232,24 +232,30 @@ module.exports = {
         }
       },
       'ObjectExpression:exit'() {
-        stack = stack.upper
+        objectStack = objectStack && objectStack.upper
       },
       SpreadElement(node) {
+        if (!objectStack) {
+          return
+        }
         if (node.parent.type === 'ObjectExpression') {
-          stack.prevName = null
+          objectStack.prevName = null
         }
       },
       'ObjectExpression > Property'(node) {
-        stack.vueState.currentProperty = node
-        if (stack.vueState.ignore) {
+        if (!objectStack) {
+          return
+        }
+        objectStack.vueState.currentProperty = node
+        if (objectStack.vueState.ignore) {
           return
         }
-        const prevName = stack.prevName
-        const numKeys = stack.numKeys
+        const prevName = objectStack.prevName
+        const numKeys = objectStack.numKeys
         const thisName = getPropertyName(node)
 
         if (thisName !== null) {
-          stack.prevName = thisName
+          objectStack.prevName = thisName
         }
 
         if (prevName === null || thisName === null || numKeys < minKeys) {
diff --git a/lib/rules/this-in-template.js b/lib/rules/this-in-template.js
index 10c89a81e..0efa03035 100644
--- a/lib/rules/this-in-template.js
+++ b/lib/rules/this-in-template.js
@@ -41,44 +41,47 @@ module.exports = {
     const options = context.options[0] !== 'always' ? 'never' : 'always'
     /**
      * @typedef {object} ScopeStack
-     * @property {ScopeStack} parent
+     * @property {ScopeStack | null} parent
      * @property {Identifier[]} nodes
      */
 
-    /** @type {ScopeStack} */
-    let scope
+    /** @type {ScopeStack | null} */
+    let scopeStack = null
 
     return utils.defineTemplateBodyVisitor(context, {
       /** @param {VElement} node */
       VElement(node) {
-        scope = {
-          parent: scope,
-          nodes: scope
-            ? scope.nodes.slice() // make copy
+        scopeStack = {
+          parent: scopeStack,
+          nodes: scopeStack
+            ? scopeStack.nodes.slice() // make copy
             : []
         }
         if (node.variables) {
           for (const variable of node.variables) {
             const varNode = variable.id
             const name = varNode.name
-            if (!scope.nodes.some((node) => node.name === name)) {
+            if (!scopeStack.nodes.some((node) => node.name === name)) {
               // Prevent adding duplicates
-              scope.nodes.push(varNode)
+              scopeStack.nodes.push(varNode)
             }
           }
         }
       },
       'VElement:exit'() {
-        scope = scope.parent
+        scopeStack = scopeStack && scopeStack.parent
       },
       ...(options === 'never'
         ? {
             /** @param { ThisExpression & { parent: MemberExpression } } node */
             'VExpressionContainer MemberExpression > ThisExpression'(node) {
+              if (!scopeStack) {
+                return
+              }
               const propertyName = utils.getStaticPropertyName(node.parent)
               if (
                 !propertyName ||
-                scope.nodes.some((el) => el.name === propertyName) ||
+                scopeStack.nodes.some((el) => el.name === propertyName) ||
                 RESERVED_NAMES.has(propertyName) || // this.class | this['class']
                 /^[0-9].*$|[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/.test(propertyName) // this['0aaaa'] | this['foo-bar bas']
               ) {
@@ -95,6 +98,9 @@ module.exports = {
         : {
             /** @param {VExpressionContainer} node */
             VExpressionContainer(node) {
+              if (!scopeStack) {
+                return
+              }
               if (node.parent.type === 'VDirectiveKey') {
                 // We cannot use `.` in dynamic arguments because the right of the `.` becomes a modifier.
                 // For example, In `:[this.prop]` case, `:[this` is an argument and `prop]` is a modifier.
@@ -103,7 +109,9 @@ module.exports = {
               if (node.references) {
                 for (const reference of node.references) {
                   if (
-                    !scope.nodes.some((el) => el.name === reference.id.name)
+                    !scopeStack.nodes.some(
+                      (el) => el.name === reference.id.name
+                    )
                   ) {
                     context.report({
                       node: reference.id,
diff --git a/tests/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js b/tests/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
index b7f0283eb..de6769091 100644
--- a/tests/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
+++ b/tests/lib/rules/no-async-in-computed-properties.js
@@ -223,6 +223,14 @@ ruleTester.run('no-async-in-computed-properties', rule, {
         }
       `,
       parserOptions
+    },
+    {
+      code: `
+        Vue.component('test',{
+          data1: new Promise(),
+          data2: Promise.resolve(),
+        })`,
+      parserOptions
     }
   ],
 
diff --git a/tests/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js b/tests/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
index e81d680fc..c0e35df06 100644
--- a/tests/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
+++ b/tests/lib/rules/no-setup-props-destructure.js
@@ -159,6 +159,12 @@ tester.run('no-setup-props-destructure', rule, {
       }
       </script>
       `
+    },
+    {
+      code: `
+      Vue.component('test', {
+        el: a = b
+      })`
     }
   ],
   invalid: [
diff --git a/tests/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js b/tests/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
index 9d91fbb2b..9bc7c04e6 100644
--- a/tests/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
+++ b/tests/lib/rules/no-watch-after-await.js
@@ -91,6 +91,12 @@ tester.run('no-watch-after-await', rule, {
       }
       </script>
       `
+    },
+    {
+      code: `
+      Vue.component('test', {
+        el: foo()
+      })`
     }
   ],
   invalid: [