@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ The keywords are the following strings:
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~~~~~~~~ {.keyword}
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as
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break
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- copy
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do
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else enum extern
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false fn for
@@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ Two examples of paths with type arguments:
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~~~~
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# use std::hashmap::HashMap;
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# fn f() {
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- # fn id<T:Copy >(t: T) -> T { t }
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+ # fn id<T>(t: T) -> T { t }
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type t = HashMap<int,~str>; // Type arguments used in a type expression
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let x = id::<int>(10); // Type arguments used in a call expression
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# }
@@ -907,11 +906,10 @@ example, `sys::size_of::<u32>() == 4`.
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Since a parameter type is opaque to the generic function, the set of
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operations that can be performed on it is limited. Values of parameter
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- type can always be moved, but they can only be copied when the
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- parameter is given a [ ` Copy ` bound] ( #type-kinds ) .
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+ type can only be moved, not copied.
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~~~~
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- fn id<T: Copy >(x: T) -> T { x }
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+ fn id<T>(x: T) -> T { x }
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~~~~
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Similarly, [ trait] ( #traits ) bounds can be specified for type
@@ -1519,8 +1517,6 @@ A complete list of the built-in language items follows:
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` const `
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: Cannot be mutated.
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- ` copy `
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- : Can be implicitly copied.
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` owned `
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: Are uniquely owned.
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` durable `
@@ -1587,7 +1583,8 @@ A complete list of the built-in language items follows:
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` check_not_borrowed `
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: Fail if a value has existing borrowed pointers to it.
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` strdup_uniq `
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- : Return a new unique string containing a copy of the contents of a unique string.
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+ : Return a new unique string
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+ containing a copy of the contents of a unique string.
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> ** Note:** This list is likely to become out of date. We should auto-generate it
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> from ` librustc/middle/lang_items.rs ` .
@@ -1736,10 +1733,13 @@ A temporary's lifetime equals the largest lifetime of any borrowed pointer that
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#### Moved and copied types
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- When a [ local variable] ( #memory-slots ) is used as an [ rvalue] ( #lvalues-rvalues-and-temporaries )
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- the variable will either be [ moved] ( #move-expressions ) or [ copied] ( #copy-expressions ) ,
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+ When a [ local variable] ( #memory-slots ) is used
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+ as an [ rvalue] ( #lvalues-rvalues-and-temporaries )
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+ the variable will either be [ moved] ( #move-expressions ) or copied,
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depending on its type.
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- For types that contain mutable fields or [ owning pointers] ( #owning-pointers ) , the variable is moved.
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+ For types that contain [ owning pointers] ( #owning-pointers )
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+ or values that implement the special trait ` Drop ` ,
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+ the variable is moved.
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All other types are copied.
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@@ -1918,9 +1918,9 @@ task in a _failing state_.
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### Unary operator expressions
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- Rust defines six symbolic unary operators,
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- in addition to the unary [ copy ] ( #unary-copy-expressions ) and [ move ] ( #unary-move-expressions ) operators.
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- They are all written as prefix operators, before the expression they apply to.
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+ Rust defines six symbolic unary operators.
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+ They are all written as prefix operators,
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+ before the expression they apply to.
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` - `
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: Negation. May only be applied to numeric types.
@@ -2119,60 +2119,6 @@ An example of a parenthesized expression:
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let x = (2 + 3) * 4;
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~~~~
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- ### Unary copy expressions
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-
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- ~~~~~~~~ {.ebnf .gram}
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- copy_expr : "copy" expr ;
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- ~~~~~~~~
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-
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- > ** Note:** ` copy ` expressions are deprecated. It's preferable to use
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- > the ` Clone ` trait and ` clone() ` method.
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-
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- A _ unary copy expression_ consists of the unary ` copy ` operator applied to
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- some argument expression.
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-
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- Evaluating a copy expression first evaluates the argument expression, then
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- copies the resulting value, allocating any memory necessary to hold the new
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- copy.
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-
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- [ Managed boxes] ( #pointer-types ) (type ` @ ` ) are, as usual, shallow-copied,
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- as are raw and borrowed pointers.
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- [ Owned boxes] ( #pointer-types ) , [ owned vectors] ( #vector-types ) and similar owned types are deep-copied.
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-
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- Since the binary [ assignment operator] ( #assignment-expressions ) ` = ` performs a copy or move implicitly,
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- the unary copy operator is typically only used to cause an argument to a function to be copied and passed by value.
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-
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- An example of a copy expression:
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-
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- ~~~~
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- fn mutate(mut vec: ~[int]) {
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- vec[0] = 10;
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- }
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-
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- let v = ~[1,2,3];
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-
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- mutate(copy v); // Pass a copy
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-
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- assert!(v[0] == 1); // Original was not modified
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- ~~~~
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-
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- ### Unary move expressions
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-
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- ~~~~~~~~ {.ebnf .gram}
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- move_expr : "move" expr ;
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- ~~~~~~~~
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-
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- A _ unary move expression_ is similar to a [ unary copy] ( #unary-copy-expressions ) expression,
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- except that it can only be applied to a [ local variable] ( #memory-slots ) ,
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- and it performs a _ move_ on its operand, rather than a copy.
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- That is, the memory location denoted by its operand is de-initialized after evaluation,
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- and the resulting value is a shallow copy of the operand,
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- even if the operand is an [ owning type] ( #type-kinds ) .
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-
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-
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- > ** Note:** In future versions of Rust, ` move ` may be removed as a separate operator;
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- > moves are now [ automatically performed] ( #moved-and-copied-types ) for most cases ` move ` would be appropriate.
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-
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### Call expressions
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@@ -2507,10 +2453,11 @@ match x {
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}
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~~~~
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- Patterns that bind variables default to binding to a copy or move of the matched value
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+ Patterns that bind variables
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+ default to binding to a copy or move of the matched value
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(depending on the matched value's type).
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- This can be made explicit using the ``` copy ``` keyword,
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- changed to bind to a borrowed pointer by using the ``` ref ``` keyword,
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+ This can be changed to bind to a borrowed pointer by
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+ using the ``` ref ``` keyword,
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or to a mutable borrowed pointer using ``` ref mut ``` .
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A pattern that's just an identifier,
@@ -2896,16 +2843,18 @@ and the cast expression in `main`.
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Within the body of an item that has type parameter declarations, the names of its type parameters are types:
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~~~~~~~
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- fn map<A: Copy, B: Copy>(f: &fn(A) -> B, xs: &[A]) -> ~[B] {
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- if xs.len() == 0 { return ~[]; }
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- let first: B = f(copy xs[0]);
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- let rest: ~[B] = map(f, xs.slice(1, xs.len()));
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- return ~[first] + rest;
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+ fn map<A: Clone, B: Clone>(f: &fn(A) -> B, xs: &[A]) -> ~[B] {
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+ if xs.len() == 0 {
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+ return ~[];
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+ }
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+ let first: B = f(xs[0].clone());
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+ let rest: ~[B] = map(f, xs.slice(1, xs.len()));
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+ return ~[first] + rest;
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}
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~~~~~~~
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- Here, ` first ` has type ` B ` , referring to ` map ` 's ` B ` type parameter; and ` rest ` has
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- type ` ~[B] ` , a vector type with element type ` B ` .
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+ Here, ` first ` has type ` B ` , referring to ` map ` 's ` B ` type parameter;
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+ and ` rest ` has type ` ~[B] ` , a vector type with element type ` B ` .
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### Self types
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@@ -2919,7 +2868,9 @@ trait Printable {
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}
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impl Printable for ~str {
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- fn make_string(&self) -> ~str { copy *self }
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+ fn make_string(&self) -> ~str {
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+ (*self).clone()
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+ }
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}
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~~~~~~~~
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@@ -2933,23 +2884,29 @@ The kinds are:
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` Freeze `
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: Types of this kind are deeply immutable;
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- they contain no mutable memory locations directly or indirectly via pointers.
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+ they contain no mutable memory locations
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+ directly or indirectly via pointers.
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` Send `
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: Types of this kind can be safely sent between tasks.
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This kind includes scalars, owning pointers, owned closures, and
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- structural types containing only other owned types. All ` Send ` types are ` Static ` .
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- ` Copy `
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- : This kind includes all types that can be copied. All types with
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- sendable kind are copyable, as are managed boxes, managed closures,
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- trait types, and structural types built out of these.
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- Types with destructors (types that implement ` Drop ` ) can not implement ` Copy ` .
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+ structural types containing only other owned types.
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+ All ` Send ` types are ` 'static ` .
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+ ` 'static `
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+ : Types of this kind do not contain any borrowed pointers;
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+ this can be a useful guarantee for code
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+ that breaks borrowing assumptions
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+ using [ ` unsafe ` operations] ( #unsafe-functions ) .
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` Drop `
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- : This is not strictly a kind, but its presence interacts with kinds: the ` Drop `
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- trait provides a single method ` drop ` that takes no parameters, and is run
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- when values of the type are dropped. Such a method is called a "destructor",
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- and are always executed in "top-down" order: a value is completely destroyed
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- before any of the values it owns run their destructors. Only ` Send ` types
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- that do not implement ` Copy ` can implement ` Drop ` .
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+ : This is not strictly a kind,
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+ but its presence interacts with kinds:
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+ the ` Drop ` trait provides a single method ` drop `
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+ that takes no parameters,
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+ and is run when values of the type are dropped.
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+ Such a method is called a "destructor",
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+ and are always executed in "top-down" order:
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+ a value is completely destroyed
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+ before any of the values it owns run their destructors.
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+ Only ` Send ` types can implement ` Drop ` .
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_ Default_
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: Types with destructors, closure environments,
@@ -2962,30 +2919,15 @@ Kinds can be supplied as _bounds_ on type parameters, like traits,
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in which case the parameter is constrained to types satisfying that kind.
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By default, type parameters do not carry any assumed kind-bounds at all.
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+ When instantiating a type parameter,
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+ the kind bounds on the parameter are checked
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+ to be the same or narrower than the kind
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+ of the type that it is instantiated with.
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- Any operation that causes a value to be copied requires the type of that value to be of copyable kind,
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- so the ` Copy ` bound is frequently required on function type parameters.
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- For example, this is not a valid program:
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-
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- ~~~~ {.xfail-test}
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- fn box<T>(x: T) -> @T { @x }
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- ~~~~
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-
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- Putting ` x ` into a managed box involves copying, and the ` T ` parameter has the default (non-copyable) kind.
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- To change that, a bound is declared:
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-
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- ~~~~
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- fn box<T: Copy>(x: T) -> @T { @x }
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- ~~~~
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-
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- Calling this second version of ` box ` on a noncopyable type is not
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- allowed. When instantiating a type parameter, the kind bounds on the
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- parameter are checked to be the same or narrower than the kind of the
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- type that it is instantiated with.
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-
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- Sending operations are not part of the Rust language, but are
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- implemented in the library. Generic functions that send values bound
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- the kind of these values to sendable.
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+ Sending operations are not part of the Rust language,
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+ but are implemented in the library.
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+ Generic functions that send values
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+ bound the kind of these values to sendable.
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# Memory and concurrency models
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@@ -3093,9 +3035,7 @@ managed box value makes a shallow copy of the pointer (optionally incrementing
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a reference count, if the managed box is implemented through
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reference-counting).
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- Owned box values exist in 1:1 correspondence with their heap allocation;
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- copying an owned box value makes a deep copy of the heap allocation and
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- produces a pointer to the new allocation.
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+ Owned box values exist in 1:1 correspondence with their heap allocation.
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An example of constructing one managed box type and value, and one owned box
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type and value:
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