Clearly document semantics of various pointer casts

Author: udoprog

src/expressions/operator-expr.md

@@ -478,15 +478,48 @@ unsafe {
 assert_eq!(values[1], 3);
 ```
 
-#### Slice DST pointer to pointer cast
+#### Sized to sized pointer casts
 
-For slice types like `[T]` and `[U]`, the raw pointer types `*const [T]`, `*mut [T]`,
-`*const [U]`, and `*mut [U]` encode the number of elements in this slice. Casts between
-these raw pointer types preserve the number of elements. Note that, as a consequence,
-such casts do *not* necessarily preserve the size of the pointer's referent (e.g.,
-casting `*const [u16]` to `*const [u8]` will result in a raw pointer which refers to an
-object of half the size of the original). The same holds for `str` and any compound type
-whose unsized tail is a slice type, such as struct `Foo(i32, [u8])` or `(u64, Foo)`.
+A sized pointer to pointer cast `*const T as *const U` or `*mut T as *mut U`
+where `T: Sized` and `U: Sized` produces a value identical to the original
+pointer.
+
+#### Unsized to unsized pointer casts
+
+Any unsized to unsized pointer cast `*const T as *const U` or `*mut T as *mut U`
+produces a value identical to the original pointer if `T` and `U` are compatible
+unsized types.
+
+For slice types like `[T]` and `[U]`, the raw pointer types `*const [T]`, `*mut
+[T]`, `*const [U]`, and `*mut [U]` encode the number of elements in this slice.
+Casts between these raw pointer types preserve the number of elements. Note
+that, as a consequence, such casts do *not* necessarily preserve the size of the
+pointer's referent (e.g., casting `*const [u16]` to `*const [u8]` will result in
+a raw pointer which refers to an object of half the size of the original). The
+same holds for `str` and any compound type whose unsized tail is a slice type,
+such as struct `Foo(i32, [u8])` or `(u64, Foo)`.
+
+#### Unsized to sized pointer casts
+
+Any wide to narrow pointer cast discards all metadata that completes the wide
+pointer and produces a thin base pointer.
+
+The following casts are well-defined:
+
+* `*const [T] to *const U` or `*mut [T] to *mut U` discards the length of the
+  slice and produces a pointer to the first element. The produced pointer is
+  casted to `U` in the same manner as a sized pointer to pointer cast.
+* `*const dyn T to *const U` or `*mut dyn T to *mut U` discards all metadata
+  associated with the [trait object] and produces a pointer to the instance from
+  which the trait object was constructed. The produced pointer is casted to `U`
+  in the same manner as a sized pointer to pointer cast.
+
+For example:
+
+* `*const [u32] as *const u8` would produce a pointer to the first element
+  constituting the slice, casted to a `*const u8` pointer.
+* `*const str` and `*mut str` have the same semantics as `*const [u8]` and `*mut
+  [u8]` since they have [identical layouts][_str_layout_].
 
 ## Assignment expressions
 
@@ -671,6 +704,8 @@ See [this test] for an example of using this dependency.
 [undefined behavior]: ../behavior-considered-undefined.md
 [addr_of]: ../../std/ptr/macro.addr_of.html
 [addr_of_mut]: ../../std/ptr/macro.addr_of_mut.html
+[slice]: ../types/slice.md
+[trait object]: ../types/trait-object.md
 
 [_BorrowExpression_]: #borrow-operators
 [_DereferenceExpression_]: #the-dereference-operator
@@ -687,3 +722,4 @@ See [this test] for an example of using this dependency.
 [_TypeNoBounds_]: ../types.md#type-expressions
 [_RangeExpression_]: ./range-expr.md
 [_UnderscoreExpression_]: ./underscore-expr.md
+[_str_layout_]: ../type-layout.md#str-layout