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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<div class="w-100 mw-none ph3 mw8-m mw8-l center f3">
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<header>
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<h2>Cargo: Rust&#x27;s community crate host</h2>
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<div class="highlight mt2 mb3"></div>
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</header>
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<div class="publish-date-author">Nov. 20, 2014 &middot; Alex Crichton
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</div>
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<div class="post">
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<p>Today it is my pleasure to announce that <a href="https://crates.io/">crates.io</a> is
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online and ready for action. The site is a central location to
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discover/download Rust crates, and Cargo is ready to start publishing to it
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today. For the next few months, we are asking that intrepid early adopters
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<a href="https://doc.crates.io/crates-io.html">help us</a> get the registry battle-tested.</p>
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<p>Until Rust itself is stable early next year, registry dependencies will need to
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be updated often. Production users may want to continue using git dependencies
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until then.</p>
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<h2><a href="#what-is-cargo" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="what-is-cargo"></a>What is Cargo?</h2>
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<p>Cargo is a package manager <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/">for Rust</a>, <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo">in
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Rust</a>. Managing dependencies is a
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fundamentally difficult problem, but fortunately over the last decade there's
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been a lot of progress in the design of package managers. Designed by Carl
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Lerche and Yehuda Katz, Cargo follows the tradition of successes like
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<a href="https://bundler.io/">Bundler</a> and <a href="https://www.npmjs.org/">NPM</a>:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo leverages crates.io to foster a thriving community of crates that can
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easily interoperate with one another and last for years to come.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo releases developers from the worry of managing dependencies and ensures
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that all collaborators are building the same code.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo lets your dependencies say how they should be built, and manages the
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entire build process for you.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<h2><a href="#a-community-on-cargo" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="a-community-on-cargo"></a>A Community on Cargo</h2>
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<p>To get a feel for how Cargo achieves its goals, let's take a look at some of
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its core mechanics.</p>
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<h3><a href="#declaring-dependencies" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="declaring-dependencies"></a>Declaring Dependencies</h3>
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<p>Cargo makes depending on third-party code as easy as depending on the standard
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library. When using Cargo, each crate will have an associated
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<a href="https://doc.crates.io/manifest.html">manifest</a> to describe itself and its
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dependencies. Adding a new dependency is now as simple as adding one line to the
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manifest, and this ease has allowed Cargo in just a few short months to enable a
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large and growing network of Rust projects and libraries which were simply
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infeasible before.</p>
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<p>Cargo alone, however, is not quite the entire solution. Discovering dependencies
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is still difficult, and ensuring that these dependencies are available for years
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to come is also not guaranteed.</p>
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<h3><a href="#cratesio" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="cratesio"></a>crates.io</h3>
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<p>To pair with Cargo, the central crates.io site serves as a single location for
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publishing and discovering libraries. This repository serves as permanent
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storage for releases of crates over time to ensure that projects can always
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build with the exact same versions years later. Up until now, users of Cargo
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have largely just downloaded dependencies directly from the source GitHub
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repository, but the primary source will now be shifting to crates.io.</p>
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<p>Other programming language communities have been quite successful with this form
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of central repository. For example <a href="https://rubygems.org/">rubygems.org</a> is your
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one-stop-shop for <a href="https://bundler.io/">Bundler</a> dependencies and
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<a href="https://www.npmjs.org/">npmjs.org</a> has had over 600 million downloads in just
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this month alone! We intend for crates.io to serve a similar role for Rust as a
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critical piece of infrastructure for <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2014/10/30/Stability.html">Rust's long-term stability story at
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1.0</a>.</p>
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<h2><a href="#versioning-and-reproducible-builds" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="versioning-and-reproducible-builds"></a>Versioning and Reproducible Builds</h2>
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<p>Over the past few years, the concept of <a href="https://semver.org/">Semantic
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Versioning</a> has gained traction as a way for library
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developers to easily and clearly communicate with users when they make breaking
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changes. The core idea of semantic versioning is simple: each new release is
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categorized as a minor or major release, and only major releases can introduce
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breakage. Cargo allows you to specify version ranges for your dependencies, with
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the default meaning of &quot;compatible with&quot;.</p>
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<p>When specifying a version range, applications often end up requesting
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multiple versions of a single crate, and Cargo solves this by selecting the
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highest version of each major version (&quot;stable code&quot;) requested. This highly
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encourages using stable distributions while still allowing duplicates of
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unstable code (pre-1.0 and git for example).</p>
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<p>Once the set of dependencies and their versions have been calculated, Cargo
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generates a <a href="https://doc.crates.io/guide.html#cargo.toml-vs-cargo.lock"><code>Cargo.lock</code></a> to encode this information. This &quot;lock file&quot; is
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then distributed to collaborators of applications to ensure that the crates
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being built remain the same from one build to the next, across times, machines,
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and environments.</p>
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<h2><a href="#building-code" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="building-code"></a>Building Code</h2>
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<p>Up to this point we've seen how Cargo facilitates discovery and reuse of
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community projects while managing what versions to use. Now Cargo just has to
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deal with the problem of actually compiling all this code!</p>
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<p>With a deep understanding of the Rust code that it is building, Cargo is able to
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provide some nice standard features as well as some Rust-specific features:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>By default, Cargo builds as many crates in parallel as possible. This not only
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applies to upstream dependencies being built in parallel, but also items for
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the local crate such as test suites, binaries, and unit tests.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo supports unit testing out of the box both for crates themselves and in
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the form of integration tests. This even includes example programs to ensure
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they don't bitrot.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo generates documentation for all crates in a dependency graph, and it can
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even run <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc.html#testing-the-documentation">Rust's documentation
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tests</a> to
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ensure examples in documentation stay up to date.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo can run a <a href="https://doc.crates.io/build-script.html">build script</a> before any crate is compiled to
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perform tasks such as code generation, compiling native dependencies, or
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detecting native dependencies on the local system.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Cargo supports cross compilation out of the box. Cross compiling is done by
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simply specifying a <code>--target</code> options and Cargo will manage tasks such as
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compiling plugins and other build dependencies for the right platform.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2><a href="#what-else-is-in-store" aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" id="what-else-is-in-store"></a>What else is in store?</h2>
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<p>The launch of crates.io is a key step in moving the Cargo ecosystem forward,
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but the story does not end here. Usage of crates.io is architected assuming a
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stable compiler, which should be <a href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2014/09/15/Rust-1.0.html">coming soon</a>! There are also a
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number of extensions to crates.io such as a hosted documentation service or a CI
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build infrastructure hook which could be built out using the crates.io APIs.</p>
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<p>This is just the beginning for crates.io, and I'm excited to start finding all
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Rust crates from one location. I can't wait to see what the registry looks like
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at 1.0, and I can only fathom what it will look like after 1.0!</p>
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