Merge pull request #391 from Centril/patch-2

First draft of 1.35 announcement

Author: pietroalbini

posts/2019-05-23-Rust-1.35.0.md

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+---
+layout: post
+title: "Announcing Rust 1.35.0"
+author: The Rust Release Team
+release: true
+---
+
+The Rust team is happy to announce a new version of Rust, 1.35.0. Rust is a
+programming language that is empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software.
+
+If you have a previous version of Rust installed via rustup, getting Rust 1.35.0 is as easy as:
+
+```console
+$ rustup update stable
+```
+
+If you don't have it already, you can [get `rustup`][install] from the appropriate page on our website,
+and check out the [detailed release notes for 1.35.0][notes] on GitHub.
+
+[install]: https://www.rust-lang.org/install.html
+[notes]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md#version-1350-2019-05-23
+
+## What's in 1.35.0 stable
+
+The highlight of this release is the implementation of the `FnOnce`, `FnMut`,
+and `Fn` closure traits for `Box<dyn FnOnce>`, `Box<dyn FnMut>`, and `Box<dyn Fn>` respectively.
+Additionally, closures may now be coerced to unsafe function pointers.
+The `dbg!` macro introduced in [Rust 1.32.0] can now also be called without arguments.
+Moreover, there were a number of standard library stabilizations.
+Read on for a few highlights, or see the [detailed release notes][notes] for additional information.
+
+### `Fn*` closure traits implemented for `Box<dyn Fn*>`
+
+[fn-pr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/55431
+[`FnBox`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.34.0/std/boxed/trait.FnBox.html
+[unsized locals]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/unstable-book/language-features/unsized-locals.html
+
+In Rust 1.35.0, the `FnOnce`, `FnMut`, and the `Fn` traits [are now implemented][fn-pr] for `Box<dyn FnOnce>`,
+`Box<dyn FnMut>`, and `Box<dyn Fn>` respectively.
+
+Previously, if you wanted to call the function stored in a boxed closure, you had to use [`FnBox`].
+This was because instances of `Box<dyn FnOnce>` and friends did not implement the respective `Fn*` traits.
+This also meant that it was not possible to pass boxed functions to code expecting an implementor of a `Fn` trait,
+and you had to create temporary closures to pass them down.
+
+This was ultimately due to a limitation in the compiler's ability to reason about such implementations,
+which has since been fixed with the introduction of [unsized locals].
+
+With this release, you can now use boxed functions in places that expect items implementing a function trait.
+
+The following code now works:
+
+```rust
+fn foo(x: Box<dyn Fn(u8) -> u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    vec![1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().map(x).collect()
+}
+```
+
+Furthermore, you can now directly call `Box<dyn FnOnce>` objects:
+
+```rust
+fn foo(x: Box<dyn FnOnce()>) {
+    x()
+}
+```
+
+### Coercing closures to `unsafe fn` pointers
+
+[Rust 1.19.0]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2017/07/20/Rust-1.19.html
+[`RawWakerVTable`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/std/task/struct.RawWakerVTable.html
+
+Since [Rust 1.19.0], it has been possible to coerce closures that do not capture from their environment into function pointers.
+For example, you may write:
+
+```rust
+fn twice(x: u8, f: fn(u8) -> u8) -> u8 {
+    f(f(x))
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(42, twice(0, |x| x + 21));
+}
+```
+
+This has however not extended to `unsafe` function pointers.
+With this release of Rust, you may now do so. For example:
+
+```rust
+/// The safety invariants are those of the `unsafe fn` pointer passed.
+unsafe fn call_unsafe_fn_ptr(f: unsafe fn()) {
+    f()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // SAFETY: There are no invariants.
+    // The closure is statically prevented from doing unsafe things.
+    unsafe {
+        call_unsafe_fn_ptr(|| {
+            dbg!();
+        });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Calling `dbg!()` with no argument
+
+[Rust 1.32.0]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2019/01/17/Rust-1.32.0.html#the-dbg-macro
+[the `dbg!` macro]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.dbg.html
+
+For the benefit of all the occasional and frequent "print debuggers" out there,
+[Rust 1.32.0] saw the release of [the `dbg!` macro]. 
+To recap, the macro allows you to quickly inspect the value of some expression with context.
+For example, when running:
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let mut x = 0;
+
+    if dbg!(x == 1) {
+        x += 1;
+    }
+
+    dbg!(x);
+}
+```
+
+...you would see:
+
+```
+[src/main.rs:4] x == 1 = false
+[src/main.rs:8] x = 0
+```
+
+
+As seen in the previous section, where the higher order function `call_unsafe_fn_ptr` is called,
+you may now also call `dbg!` without passing any arguments.
+This is useful when tracing what branches your application takes.
+For example, with:
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let condition = true;
+
+    if condition {
+        dbg!();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+...you would see:
+
+```
+[src/main.rs:5]
+```
+
+### Library stabilizations
+
+[`f32::copysign`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.f32.html#method.copysign
+[`f64::copysign`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.f64.html#method.copysign
+[`RefCell::replace_with`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html#method.replace_with
+[`Ref::map_split`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Ref.html#method.map_split
+[`RefMut::map_split`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefMut.html#method.map_split
+[`ptr::hash`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/fn.hash.html
+[`Range::contains`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.Range.html#method.contains
+[`RangeFrom::contains`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeFrom.html#method.contains
+[`RangeTo::contains`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeTo.html#method.contains
+[`RangeInclusive::contains`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeInclusive.html#method.contains
+[`RangeToInclusive::contains`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeToInclusive.html#method.contains
+[`Option::copied`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.copied
+
+In 1.35.0, a number of APIs have become stable.
+
+In addition, some implementations were added and other changes occured as well.
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more details.
+
+#### Copy the sign of a floating point number onto another
+
+[`f32`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.f32.html
+[`f64`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.f64.html
+
+With this release, new methods `copysign` have been added to the floating point primitive types [`f32`] and [`f64`]: 
+
+- [`f32::copysign`]
+- [`f64::copysign`]
+
+As the name suggests, you can use these to copy the sign of one number onto another. For example:
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(3.5_f32.copysign(-0.42), -3.5);
+}
+```
+
+#### Check whether a `Range` `contains` a value
+
+Rust 1.35.0 contains a few freshly minted methods on the `Range` types:
+
+- [`Range::contains`]
+- [`RangeFrom::contains`]
+- [`RangeTo::contains`]
+- [`RangeInclusive::contains`]
+- [`RangeToInclusive::contains`]
+
+With these, you can easily check whether a given value exists in a range. For example, you may write:
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    if (0..=10).contains(&5) {
+        println!("Five is included in zero to ten.");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Map and split a borrowed `RefCell` value in two
+
+With Rust 1.35.0, you can now map and split the borrowed value of a `RefCell` into multiple borrows for different components of the borrowed data:
+
+- [`Ref::map_split`]
+- [`RefMut::map_split`]
+
+#### Replace the value of a `RefCell` through a closure
+
+This release introduces a convenience method `replace_with` on `RefCell`:
+
+- [`RefCell::replace_with`]
+
+With it, you can more ergonomically map and replace the current value of the cell and get back the old value as a result.
+
+#### Hash a pointer or reference by address, not value
+
+In this release, we have introduced:
+
+- [`ptr::hash`]
+
+This function takes a raw pointer and hashes it. Using `ptr::hash`,
+you can avoid hashing the pointed-to value of a reference and instead hash the address.
+
+#### Copy the contents of an `Option<&T>`
+
+From the very beginning with Rust 1.0.0,
+the methods `Option::cloned` for `Option<&T>` and `Option<&mut T>` have allowed you to clone the contents in case of `Some(_)`.
+However, cloning can sometimes be an expensive operation and the methods `opt.cloned()` provided no hints to that effect.
+
+With this release of Rust, we introduced:
+
+- [`Option::copied`] for both `Option<&T>` and `Option<&mut T>`
+
+The functionality of `opt.copied()` is the same as for `opt.cloned()`.
+However, calling the method requires that `T: Copy`.
+Using this method, you can make sure that code stops compiling should `T` no longer implements `Copy`.
+
+### Changes in Clippy
+
+[relnotes-clippy]: 
+https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#rust-135-beta
+
+[`drop_bounds`]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#drop_bounds
+
+[split_lint]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/pull/4101
+
+In this release of Rust,
+Clippy (a collection of lints to catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code) added a new lint [`drop_bounds`].
+This lint triggers when you add a bound `T: Drop` to a generic function. For example:
+
+```rust
+fn foo<T: Drop>(x: T) {}
+```
+
+Having a bound `T: Drop` is almost always a mistake as it excludes types,
+such as `u8`, which have trivial drop-glues.
+Moreover, `T: Drop` does not account for types like `String` not having interesting destructor behavior directly but rather as a result of embedding types,
+such as `Vec<u8>`, that do.
+
+In addition to [`drop_bounds`],
+this release of Clippy [split][split_lint] the lint`redundant_closure` into `redundant_closure` and `redundant_closure_for_method_calls`.
+
+See the [detailed release notes for Clippy][relnotes-clippy] for more details.
+
+### Changes in Cargo
+
+[relnotes-cargo]: 
+https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#cargo-135-2019-05-23
+
+See the [detailed release notes for Cargo][relnotes-cargo] for more details.
+
+## Contributors to 1.35.0
+
+Many people came together to create Rust 1.35.0.
+We couldn't have done it without all of you.
+[Thanks!](https://thanks.rust-lang.org/rust/1.35.0/)