Auto merge of rust-lang#80242 - Nadrieril:explain-and-factor-splitting, r=varkor

Clarify constructor splitting in exhaustiveness checking

I reworked the explanation of the algorithm completely to make it properly account for the various extensions we've added. This includes constructor splitting, which was previously not clearly included in the algorithm. This makes wildcards less magical; I added some detailed examples; and this distinguishes clearly between constructors that only make sense in patterns (like ranges) and those that make sense for values (like `Some`). This reformulation had been floating around in my mind for a while, and I'm quite happy with how it turned out. Let me know how you feel about it.
I also factored out all three cases of splitting (wildcards, ranges and slices) into dedicated structs to encapsulate the complicated bits.
I measured no perf impact but I don't trust my local measurements for refactors since rust-lang#79284.

r? `@varkor`
`@rustbot` modify labels: +A-exhaustiveness-checking

Author: bors