Add audio encoder design

Author: NicolasHug

audio_encoder_design.md

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+Audio encoding design
+=====================
+
+Let's talk about the design of our audio encoding capabilities.  This design doc
+is not meant to be merged into the repo. I'm creating a PR to start a discussion
+and enable comments on the design proposal. The PR will eventually be closed
+without merging.
+
+
+Feature space and requirements
+------------------------------
+
+When users give us the samples to be encoded, they have to provide:
+
+- the FLTP tensor of decoded samples (akin to what we decode)
+- the sample rate of the samples. That's needed for FFmpeg to know when each
+  sample should be played, and it cannot be inferred.
+
+Those are naturally supplied as 2 separate parameters (1 for the tensor, 1 for
+the sample rate), but if our APIs also allowed users to pass a single
+[AudioSamples](https://docs.pytorch.org/torchcodec/stable/generated/torchcodec.AudioSamples.html#torchcodec.AudioSamples)
+object as parameter, that could be a good UX.
+
+We want to enable users to encode these samples:
+
+- to a file, like "output.mp3". When encoding to a file, we automatically infer
+  the format (mp3) from the filename.
+- to a file-like (NYI, will come eventually). When encoding to a file-like, we
+  can't infer the format, so users have to specify it to us.
+- to a tensor. Same here, users have to specify the output format.
+
+We want to allow users to specify additional encoding options:
+
+- The encoded bit rate, for compressed formats like mp3
+- The number of channels, to automatically encode to audio or to stereo,
+  potentially different from that of the input (NYI).
+- The encoded sample rate, to automatically encode into a given sample rate,
+  potentially different from that of the input (NYI).
+- (Maybe) other parameters, like codec-specific stuff.
+
+API proposal
+------------
+
+
+### Option 1
+
+A natural option is to create 3 separate stateless functions: one for each kind
+of output we want to support.
+
+```py
+def encode_audio_to_file(
+    samples: torch.Tensor,
+    sample_rate: int,
+    filename: Union[str, Path],
+    bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+def encode_audio_to_file_like(
+    samples: torch.Tensor,
+    sample_rate: int,
+    file_like: object,
+    format: str,
+    bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+def encode_audio_to_tensor(
+    samples: torch.Tensor,
+    sample_rate: int,
+    format: str,
+    bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    pass
+```
+
+A few notes:
+
+- I'm not attempting to define where the keyword-only parameters should start,
+  that can be discussed later or on the PRs.
+- Both `to_file_like` and `to_tensor` need an extra `format` parameter, because
+  it cannot be inferred. In `to_file`, it is inferred from `filename`.
+- To avoid collision between the input sample rate and the optional desired
+  output sample rate, we have to use `output_sample_rate`. That's a bit meh.
+  Technically, all of `format`, `bit_rate` and `num_channel` could also qualify
+  for the `output_` prefix, but that would be very heavy.
+
+### Option 2
+
+Another option is to expose each of these functions as methods on a stateless
+object.
+
+```py
+class AudioEncoder:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        samples: torch.Tensor,
+        sample_rate: int,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def to_file(
+        self,
+        filename: Union[str, Path],
+        bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def to_file_like(
+        self,
+        file_like: object,
+        bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def to_tensor(
+        format: str,
+        bit_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        pass
+```
+
+Usually, we like to expose objects (instead of stateless functions) when there
+is a clear state to be managed. That's not the case here: the `AudioEncoder` is
+largely stateless.
+Instead, we can justify exposing an object by noting that it allows us to
+cleanly separate unrelated blocks of parameters:
+- the parameters relating to the **input** are in `__init__()`
+- the parameters relating to the **output** are in the `to_*` methods.
+
+A nice consequence of that is that we do not have a collision between the 2
+`sample_rate` parameters anymore, and their respective purpose is clear from the
+methods they are exposed in.
+
+### Option 2.1
+
+A natural extension of option 2 is to allow users to pass an `AudioSample`
+object to `__init__()`, instead of passing 2 separate parameters:
+
+```py
+samples = # ... AudioSamples e.g. coming from the decoder
+AudioEncoder(samples).to_file("output.wav")
+```
+
+This can be enabled via this kind of logic:
+
+```py
+class AudioEncoder:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        samples: Union[torch.Tensor, AudioSamples],
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        assert (
+            isinstance(samples, torch.Tensor) and sample_rate is not None) or (
+            isinstance(sample, AudioSamples) and sample_rate is None
+        )
+```
+
+
+### Thinking ahead
+
+I don't want to be prescriptive on what the video decoder should look like, but I
+suspect that we will soon need to expose a **multistream** encoder, i.e. an
+encoder that can encode both an audio and a video stream at the same time (think
+of video generation models). I suspect the API of such encoder will look
+something like this (a bit similar to what TorchAudio exposes):
+
+```py
+Encoder().add_audio(...).add_video(...).to_file(filename)
+Encoder().add_audio(...).add_video(...).to_file_like(filelike)
+encoded_bytes = Encoder().add_audio(...).add_video(...).to_tensor()
+```
+
+This too will involve exposing an object, despite the actual managed "state"
+being very limited.