diff --git a/pandas/io/stata.py b/pandas/io/stata.py
index 34d95fb59a21c..474663a85216d 100644
--- a/pandas/io/stata.py
+++ b/pandas/io/stata.py
@@ -2611,7 +2611,7 @@ def _check_column_names(self, data: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
         # Check date conversion, and fix key if needed
         if self._convert_dates:
             for c, o in zip(columns, original_columns):
-                if c != o:
+                if c != o and o in self._convert_dates:
                     self._convert_dates[c] = self._convert_dates[o]
                     del self._convert_dates[o]
 
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/test_stata.py b/pandas/tests/io/test_stata.py
index 9288b98d79fbe..5ed14806d6346 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/test_stata.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/test_stata.py
@@ -2587,3 +2587,30 @@ def test_many_strl(temp_file, version):
     lbls = ["".join(v) for v in itertools.product(*([string.ascii_letters] * 3))]
     value_labels = {"col": {i: lbls[i] for i in range(n)}}
     df.to_stata(temp_file, value_labels=value_labels, version=version)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("version", [114, 117, 118, 119, None])
+def test_convert_dates_key_handling(tmp_path, version):
+
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "test.dta"
+    df = DataFrame({"old_name": [1, 2, 3], "some_other_name": [4, 5, 6]})
+
+    # Case 1: Key exists in convert_dates
+    convert_dates = {"old_name": "converted_date"}
+    df_renamed = df.rename(columns={"old_name": "new_name"})  # Mimic column renaming
+    df_renamed.to_stata(temp_file, convert_dates=convert_dates)
+
+    result = read_stata(temp_file)
+    assert "new_name" in result.columns
+    assert "old_name" not in result.columns
+    assert result["new_name"].tolist() == ["converted_date", "converted_date", "converted_date"]
+
+    # Case 2: Key does not exist in convert_dates
+    convert_dates = {"some_other_name": "converted_date"}
+    df_renamed = df.rename(columns={"old_name": "new_name"})  # Mimic column renaming
+    df_renamed.to_stata(temp_file, convert_dates=convert_dates)
+
+    result = read_stata(temp_file)
+    assert "new_name" not in result.columns
+    assert "old_name" in result.columns
+    assert result["some_other_name"].tolist() == ["converted_date", "converted_date", "converted_date"]