diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.1.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.1.rst
index b7e45d043d869..e31d161993824 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.1.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.1.rst
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ including other versions of pandas.
 Fixed regressions
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 - Fixed regression in :func:`read_csv` when ``usecols`` is given and ``dtypes`` is a dict for ``engine="python"`` (:issue:`54868`)
+- Fixed regression in :meth:`.GroupBy.get_group` raising for ``axis=1`` (:issue:`54858`)
 - Fixed regression in :meth:`DataFrame.__setitem__` raising ``AssertionError`` when setting a :class:`Series` with a partial :class:`MultiIndex` (:issue:`54875`)
 - Fixed regression when comparing a :class:`Series` with ``datetime64`` dtype with ``None`` (:issue:`54870`)
 
diff --git a/pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py b/pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py
index 11c97e30ab5cd..43d200027220b 100644
--- a/pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py
+++ b/pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py
@@ -1080,7 +1080,8 @@ def get_group(self, name, obj=None) -> DataFrame | Series:
             raise KeyError(name)
 
         if obj is None:
-            return self._selected_obj.iloc[inds]
+            indexer = inds if self.axis == 0 else (slice(None), inds)
+            return self._selected_obj.iloc[indexer]
         else:
             warnings.warn(
                 "obj is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
diff --git a/pandas/tests/groupby/test_groupby.py b/pandas/tests/groupby/test_groupby.py
index c0ac94c09e1ea..be226b4466f98 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/groupby/test_groupby.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/groupby/test_groupby.py
@@ -3187,3 +3187,26 @@ def test_depr_get_group_len_1_list_likes(test_series, kwarg, value, name, warn):
     else:
         expected = DataFrame({"b": [3, 4]}, index=Index([1, 1], name="a"))
     tm.assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_group_axis_1():
+    # GH#54858
+    df = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "col1": [0, 3, 2, 3],
+            "col2": [4, 1, 6, 7],
+            "col3": [3, 8, 2, 10],
+            "col4": [1, 13, 6, 15],
+            "col5": [-4, 5, 6, -7],
+        }
+    )
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match="deprecated"):
+        grouped = df.groupby(axis=1, by=[1, 2, 3, 2, 1])
+    result = grouped.get_group(1)
+    expected = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "col1": [0, 3, 2, 3],
+            "col5": [-4, 5, 6, -7],
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)