diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
index 4fa5d7c6f392f..6e38983b39409 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ Performance improvements
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`DataFrame.clip` and :meth:`Series.clip` (:issue:`51472`)
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`DataFrame.first_valid_index` and :meth:`DataFrame.last_valid_index` for extension array dtypes (:issue:`51549`)
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`DataFrame.where` when ``cond`` is backed by an extension dtype (:issue:`51574`)
-- Performance improvement in :meth:`read_orc` when reading a remote URI file path. (:issue:`51609`)
+- Performance improvement in :func:`read_orc` when reading a remote URI file path. (:issue:`51609`)
+- Performance improvement in :func:`read_parquet` and :meth:`DataFrame.to_parquet` when reading a remote file with ``engine="pyarrow"`` (:issue:`51609`)
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`MultiIndex.sortlevel` when ``ascending`` is a list (:issue:`51612`)
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`~arrays.ArrowExtensionArray.isna` when array has zero nulls or is all nulls (:issue:`51630`)
 - Performance improvement when parsing strings to ``boolean[pyarrow]`` dtype (:issue:`51730`)
diff --git a/pandas/io/parquet.py b/pandas/io/parquet.py
index 0f8bf004b729a..a606cb9287d16 100644
--- a/pandas/io/parquet.py
+++ b/pandas/io/parquet.py
@@ -90,12 +90,39 @@ def _get_path_or_handle(
 ]:
     """File handling for PyArrow."""
     path_or_handle = stringify_path(path)
+    if fs is not None:
+        pa_fs = import_optional_dependency("pyarrow.fs", errors="ignore")
+        fsspec = import_optional_dependency("fsspec", errors="ignore")
+        if pa_fs is None and fsspec is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"filesystem must be a pyarrow or fsspec FileSystem, "
+                f"not a {type(fs).__name__}"
+            )
+        elif (pa_fs is not None and not isinstance(fs, pa_fs.FileSystem)) and (
+            fsspec is not None and not isinstance(fs, fsspec.spec.AbstractFileSystem)
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"filesystem must be a pyarrow or fsspec FileSystem, "
+                f"not a {type(fs).__name__}"
+            )
+        elif pa_fs is not None and isinstance(fs, pa_fs.FileSystem) and storage_options:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "storage_options not supported with a pyarrow FileSystem."
+            )
     if is_fsspec_url(path_or_handle) and fs is None:
-        fsspec = import_optional_dependency("fsspec")
+        if storage_options is None:
+            pa = import_optional_dependency("pyarrow")
+            pa_fs = import_optional_dependency("pyarrow.fs")
 
-        fs, path_or_handle = fsspec.core.url_to_fs(
-            path_or_handle, **(storage_options or {})
-        )
+            try:
+                fs, path_or_handle = pa_fs.FileSystem.from_uri(path)
+            except (TypeError, pa.ArrowInvalid):
+                pass
+        if fs is None:
+            fsspec = import_optional_dependency("fsspec")
+            fs, path_or_handle = fsspec.core.url_to_fs(
+                path_or_handle, **(storage_options or {})
+            )
     elif storage_options and (not is_url(path_or_handle) or mode != "rb"):
         # can't write to a remote url
         # without making use of fsspec at the moment
@@ -173,6 +200,7 @@ def write(
         index: bool | None = None,
         storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
         partition_cols: list[str] | None = None,
+        filesystem=None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.validate_dataframe(df)
@@ -183,9 +211,9 @@ def write(
 
         table = self.api.Table.from_pandas(df, **from_pandas_kwargs)
 
-        path_or_handle, handles, kwargs["filesystem"] = _get_path_or_handle(
+        path_or_handle, handles, filesystem = _get_path_or_handle(
             path,
-            kwargs.pop("filesystem", None),
+            filesystem,
             storage_options=storage_options,
             mode="wb",
             is_dir=partition_cols is not None,
@@ -207,12 +235,17 @@ def write(
                     path_or_handle,
                     compression=compression,
                     partition_cols=partition_cols,
+                    filesystem=filesystem,
                     **kwargs,
                 )
             else:
                 # write to single output file
                 self.api.parquet.write_table(
-                    table, path_or_handle, compression=compression, **kwargs
+                    table,
+                    path_or_handle,
+                    compression=compression,
+                    filesystem=filesystem,
+                    **kwargs,
                 )
         finally:
             if handles is not None:
@@ -225,6 +258,7 @@ def read(
         use_nullable_dtypes: bool = False,
         dtype_backend: DtypeBackend | lib.NoDefault = lib.no_default,
         storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
+        filesystem=None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> DataFrame:
         kwargs["use_pandas_metadata"] = True
@@ -242,15 +276,15 @@ def read(
         if manager == "array":
             to_pandas_kwargs["split_blocks"] = True  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
-        path_or_handle, handles, kwargs["filesystem"] = _get_path_or_handle(
+        path_or_handle, handles, filesystem = _get_path_or_handle(
             path,
-            kwargs.pop("filesystem", None),
+            filesystem,
             storage_options=storage_options,
             mode="rb",
         )
         try:
             pa_table = self.api.parquet.read_table(
-                path_or_handle, columns=columns, **kwargs
+                path_or_handle, columns=columns, filesystem=filesystem, **kwargs
             )
             result = pa_table.to_pandas(**to_pandas_kwargs)
 
@@ -279,6 +313,7 @@ def write(
         index=None,
         partition_cols=None,
         storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
+        filesystem=None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.validate_dataframe(df)
@@ -294,6 +329,11 @@ def write(
         if partition_cols is not None:
             kwargs["file_scheme"] = "hive"
 
+        if filesystem is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "filesystem is not implemented for the fastparquet engine."
+            )
+
         # cannot use get_handle as write() does not accept file buffers
         path = stringify_path(path)
         if is_fsspec_url(path):
@@ -319,7 +359,12 @@ def write(
             )
 
     def read(
-        self, path, columns=None, storage_options: StorageOptions = None, **kwargs
+        self,
+        path,
+        columns=None,
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
+        filesystem=None,
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> DataFrame:
         parquet_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
         use_nullable_dtypes = kwargs.pop("use_nullable_dtypes", False)
@@ -337,6 +382,10 @@ def read(
                 "The 'dtype_backend' argument is not supported for the "
                 "fastparquet engine"
             )
+        if filesystem is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "filesystem is not implemented for the fastparquet engine."
+            )
         path = stringify_path(path)
         handles = None
         if is_fsspec_url(path):
@@ -376,6 +425,7 @@ def to_parquet(
     index: bool | None = None,
     storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     partition_cols: list[str] | None = None,
+    filesystem: Any = None,
     **kwargs,
 ) -> bytes | None:
     """
@@ -398,6 +448,12 @@ def to_parquet(
         ``io.parquet.engine`` is used. The default ``io.parquet.engine``
         behavior is to try 'pyarrow', falling back to 'fastparquet' if
         'pyarrow' is unavailable.
+
+        When using the ``'pyarrow'`` engine and no storage options are provided
+        and a filesystem is implemented by both ``pyarrow.fs`` and ``fsspec``
+        (e.g. "s3://"), then the ``pyarrow.fs`` filesystem is attempted first.
+        Use the filesystem keyword with an instantiated fsspec filesystem
+        if you wish to use its implementation.
     compression : {{'snappy', 'gzip', 'brotli', 'lz4', 'zstd', None}},
         default 'snappy'. Name of the compression to use. Use ``None``
         for no compression. The supported compression methods actually
@@ -420,6 +476,12 @@ def to_parquet(
 
         .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
 
+    filesystem : fsspec or pyarrow filesystem, default None
+        Filesystem object to use when reading the parquet file. Only implemented
+        for ``engine="pyarrow"``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
+
     kwargs
         Additional keyword arguments passed to the engine
 
@@ -440,6 +502,7 @@ def to_parquet(
         index=index,
         partition_cols=partition_cols,
         storage_options=storage_options,
+        filesystem=filesystem,
         **kwargs,
     )
 
@@ -458,6 +521,7 @@ def read_parquet(
     storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     use_nullable_dtypes: bool | lib.NoDefault = lib.no_default,
     dtype_backend: DtypeBackend | lib.NoDefault = lib.no_default,
+    filesystem: Any = None,
     **kwargs,
 ) -> DataFrame:
     """
@@ -480,6 +544,12 @@ def read_parquet(
         ``io.parquet.engine`` is used. The default ``io.parquet.engine``
         behavior is to try 'pyarrow', falling back to 'fastparquet' if
         'pyarrow' is unavailable.
+
+        When using the ``'pyarrow'`` engine and no storage options are provided
+        and a filesystem is implemented by both ``pyarrow.fs`` and ``fsspec``
+        (e.g. "s3://"), then the ``pyarrow.fs`` filesystem is attempted first.
+        Use the filesystem keyword with an instantiated fsspec filesystem
+        if you wish to use its implementation.
     columns : list, default=None
         If not None, only these columns will be read from the file.
 
@@ -508,6 +578,12 @@ def read_parquet(
 
         .. versionadded:: 2.0
 
+    filesystem : fsspec or pyarrow filesystem, default None
+        Filesystem object to use when reading the parquet file. Only implemented
+        for ``engine="pyarrow"``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
+
     **kwargs
         Any additional kwargs are passed to the engine.
 
@@ -537,5 +613,6 @@ def read_parquet(
         storage_options=storage_options,
         use_nullable_dtypes=use_nullable_dtypes,
         dtype_backend=dtype_backend,
+        filesystem=filesystem,
         **kwargs,
     )
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/test_gcs.py b/pandas/tests/io/test_gcs.py
index a609c1b5fc03d..b65a19d766976 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/test_gcs.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/test_gcs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from io import BytesIO
 import os
+import pathlib
 import tarfile
 import zipfile
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def gcs_buffer(monkeypatch):
+def gcs_buffer():
     """Emulate GCS using a binary buffer."""
     import fsspec
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def ls(self, path, **kwargs):
 
 @td.skip_if_no("gcsfs")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("format", ["csv", "json", "parquet", "excel", "markdown"])
-def test_to_read_gcs(gcs_buffer, format):
+def test_to_read_gcs(gcs_buffer, format, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """
     Test that many to/read functions support GCS.
 
@@ -75,8 +76,21 @@ def test_to_read_gcs(gcs_buffer, format):
         df2 = read_json(path, convert_dates=["dt"])
     elif format == "parquet":
         pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
-        df1.to_parquet(path)
-        df2 = read_parquet(path)
+        pa_fs = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow.fs")
+
+        class MockFileSystem(pa_fs.FileSystem):
+            @staticmethod
+            def from_uri(path):
+                print("Using pyarrow filesystem")
+                to_local = pathlib.Path(path.replace("gs://", "")).absolute().as_uri()
+                return pa_fs.LocalFileSystem(to_local)
+
+        with monkeypatch.context() as m:
+            m.setattr(pa_fs, "FileSystem", MockFileSystem)
+            df1.to_parquet(path)
+            df2 = read_parquet(path)
+        captured = capsys.readouterr()
+        assert captured.out == "Using pyarrow filesystem\nUsing pyarrow filesystem\n"
     elif format == "markdown":
         pytest.importorskip("tabulate")
         df1.to_markdown(path)
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/test_parquet.py b/pandas/tests/io/test_parquet.py
index 1548208c7eeaa..4ba3776bf6063 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/test_parquet.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/test_parquet.py
@@ -1211,6 +1211,66 @@ def test_bytes_file_name(self, engine):
             result = read_parquet(path, engine=engine)
         tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)
 
+    def test_filesystem_notimplemented(self):
+        pytest.importorskip("fastparquet")
+        df = pd.DataFrame(data={"A": [0, 1], "B": [1, 0]})
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                NotImplementedError, match="filesystem is not implemented"
+            ):
+                df.to_parquet(path, engine="fastparquet", filesystem="foo")
+
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            pathlib.Path(path).write_bytes(b"foo")
+            with pytest.raises(
+                NotImplementedError, match="filesystem is not implemented"
+            ):
+                read_parquet(path, engine="fastparquet", filesystem="foo")
+
+    def test_invalid_filesystem(self):
+        pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
+        df = pd.DataFrame(data={"A": [0, 1], "B": [1, 0]})
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ValueError, match="filesystem must be a pyarrow or fsspec FileSystem"
+            ):
+                df.to_parquet(path, engine="pyarrow", filesystem="foo")
+
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            pathlib.Path(path).write_bytes(b"foo")
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ValueError, match="filesystem must be a pyarrow or fsspec FileSystem"
+            ):
+                read_parquet(path, engine="pyarrow", filesystem="foo")
+
+    def test_unsupported_pa_filesystem_storage_options(self):
+        pa_fs = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow.fs")
+        df = pd.DataFrame(data={"A": [0, 1], "B": [1, 0]})
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                match="storage_options not supported with a pyarrow FileSystem.",
+            ):
+                df.to_parquet(
+                    path,
+                    engine="pyarrow",
+                    filesystem=pa_fs.LocalFileSystem(),
+                    storage_options={"foo": "bar"},
+                )
+
+        with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
+            pathlib.Path(path).write_bytes(b"foo")
+            with pytest.raises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                match="storage_options not supported with a pyarrow FileSystem.",
+            ):
+                read_parquet(
+                    path,
+                    engine="pyarrow",
+                    filesystem=pa_fs.LocalFileSystem(),
+                    storage_options={"foo": "bar"},
+                )
+
     def test_invalid_dtype_backend(self, engine):
         msg = (
             "dtype_backend numpy is invalid, only 'numpy_nullable' and "