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diff --git a/.evergreen/MSRV-Cargo.toml.diff b/.evergreen/MSRV-Cargo.toml.diff
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bafd77e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.evergreen/MSRV-Cargo.toml.diff
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+95c95
+< bson = "2.8.0"
+---
+> bson = "=2.8.0"
+103a104
+> hashbrown = "=0.12.3"
+166c167
+< version = "1.17.0"
+---
+> version = "=1.18.0"
+193c194
+< serde_json = "1.0.64"
+---
+> serde_json = "=1.0.64"
+195c196
+< time = "0.3.9"
+---
+> time = "=0.3.9"
diff --git a/.evergreen/compile-only.sh b/.evergreen/compile-only.sh
index 6df711733..e48578c7b 100755
--- a/.evergreen/compile-only.sh
+++ b/.evergreen/compile-only.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ source ./.evergreen/env.sh
 if [ "$RUST_VERSION" != "" ]; then
   rustup toolchain install $RUST_VERSION
   TOOLCHAIN="+${RUST_VERSION}"
-  cp .evergreen/MSRV-Cargo.lock Cargo.lock
+  patch Cargo.toml .evergreen/MSRV-Cargo.toml.diff
 fi
 
 source ./.evergreen/feature-combinations.sh
diff --git a/src/bson_util.rs b/src/bson_util.rs
index d5f4b5047..185b43018 100644
--- a/src/bson_util.rs
+++ b/src/bson_util.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::{
     bson::{Bson, Document, RawArrayBuf, RawBson, RawBsonRef, RawDocumentBuf},
+    checked::Checked,
     error::{ErrorKind, Result},
     runtime::SyncLittleEndianRead,
 };
 
 /// Coerce numeric types into an `i64` if it would be lossless to do so. If this Bson is not numeric
 /// or the conversion would be lossy (e.g. 1.5 -> 1), this returns `None`.
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 pub(crate) fn get_int(val: &Bson) -> Option<i64> {
     match *val {
         Bson::Int32(i) => Some(i64::from(i)),
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_int_raw(val: RawBsonRef<'_>) -> Option<i64> {
 
 /// Coerce numeric types into an `u64` if it would be lossless to do so. If this Bson is not numeric
 /// or the conversion would be lossy (e.g. 1.5 -> 1), this returns `None`.
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 pub(crate) fn get_u64(val: &Bson) -> Option<u64> {
     match *val {
         Bson::Int32(i) => u64::try_from(i).ok(),
@@ -89,18 +92,18 @@ pub(crate) fn update_document_check(update: &Document) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// The size in bytes of the provided document's entry in a BSON array at the given index.
-pub(crate) fn array_entry_size_bytes(index: usize, doc_len: usize) -> u64 {
+pub(crate) fn array_entry_size_bytes(index: usize, doc_len: usize) -> Result<usize> {
     //   * type (1 byte)
     //   * number of decimal digits in key
     //   * null terminator for the key (1 byte)
     //   * size of value
 
-    1 + num_decimal_digits(index) + 1 + doc_len as u64
+    (Checked::new(1) + num_decimal_digits(index) + 1 + doc_len).get()
 }
 
 /// The number of digits in `n` in base 10.
 /// Useful for calculating the size of an array entry in BSON.
-fn num_decimal_digits(mut n: usize) -> u64 {
+fn num_decimal_digits(mut n: usize) -> usize {
     let mut digits = 0;
 
     loop {
diff --git a/src/checked.rs b/src/checked.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ece4d2a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/checked.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+// Modified from https://github.com/zeta12ti/Checked/blob/master/src/num.rs
+// Original license:
+// MIT License
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2017 zeta12ti
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// SOFTWARE.
+
+use std::{cmp::Ordering, convert::TryFrom, fmt, ops::*};
+
+/// The Checked type. See the [module level documentation for more.](index.html)
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Hash)]
+pub struct Checked<T>(pub Option<T>);
+
+impl<T> Checked<T> {
+    /// Creates a new Checked instance from some sort of integer.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(x: T) -> Checked<T> {
+        Checked(Some(x))
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_from<F>(value: F) -> crate::error::Result<Self>
+    where
+        T: TryFrom<F>,
+        T::Error: std::fmt::Display,
+    {
+        value
+            .try_into()
+            .map(|v| Self(Some(v)))
+            .map_err(|e| crate::error::Error::invalid_argument(format! {"{}", e}))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(self) -> crate::error::Result<T> {
+        self.0
+            .ok_or_else(|| crate::error::Error::invalid_argument("checked arithmetic failure"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_into<F>(self) -> crate::error::Result<F>
+    where
+        T: TryInto<F>,
+        T::Error: std::fmt::Display,
+    {
+        self.get().and_then(|v| {
+            v.try_into()
+                .map_err(|e| crate::error::Error::invalid_argument(format!("{}", e)))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// The derived Default only works if T has Default
+// Even though this is what it would be anyway
+// May change this to T's default (if it has one)
+impl<T> Default for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn default() -> Checked<T> {
+        Checked(None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match **self {
+            Some(ref x) => x.fmt(f),
+            None => "overflow".fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match **self {
+            Some(ref x) => x.fmt(f),
+            None => "overflow".fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// I'd like to do
+// `impl<T, U> From<U> where T: From<U> for Checked<T>``
+// in the obvious way, but that "conflicts" with the default `impl From<T> for T`.
+// This would subsume both the below Froms since Option has the right From impl.
+impl<T> From<T> for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(x: T) -> Checked<T> {
+        Checked(Some(x))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Option<T>> for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(x: Option<T>) -> Checked<T> {
+        Checked(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for Checked<T> {
+    type Target = Option<T>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Option<T> {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DerefMut for Checked<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Option<T> {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Checked<T> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Checked<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        // I'm not really sure why we can't match **self etc. here.
+        // Even with refs everywhere it complains
+        // Note what happens in this implementation:
+        // we take the reference self, and call deref (the method) on it
+        // By Deref coercion, self gets derefed to a Checked<T>
+        // Now Checked<T>'s deref gets called, returning a &Option<T>
+        // That's what gets matched
+        match (self.deref(), other.deref()) {
+            (Some(x), Some(y)) => PartialOrd::partial_cmp(x, y),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// implements the unary operator `op &T`
+// based on `op T` where `T` is expected to be `Copy`able
+macro_rules! forward_ref_unop {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident for $t:ty {}) => {
+        impl<'a> $imp for &'a $t {
+            type Output = <$t as $imp>::Output;
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(self) -> <$t as $imp>::Output {
+                $imp::$method(*self)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// implements binary operators "&T op U", "T op &U", "&T op &U"
+// based on "T op U" where T and U are expected to be `Copy`able
+macro_rules! forward_ref_binop {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident for $t:ty, $u:ty {}) => {
+        impl<'a> $imp<$u> for &'a $t {
+            type Output = <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output;
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(self, other: $u) -> <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output {
+                $imp::$method(*self, other)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<'a> $imp<&'a $u> for $t {
+            type Output = <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output;
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(self, other: &'a $u) -> <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output {
+                $imp::$method(self, *other)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<'a, 'b> $imp<&'a $u> for &'b $t {
+            type Output = <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output;
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(self, other: &'a $u) -> <$t as $imp<$u>>::Output {
+                $imp::$method(*self, *other)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_sh {
+    ($t:ident, $f:ident) => {
+        impl Shl<Checked<$f>> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn shl(self, other: Checked<$f>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match (*self, *other) {
+                    (Some(x), Some(y)) => Checked(x.checked_shl(y)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Shl<$f> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn shl(self, other: $f) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(x.checked_shl(other)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shl, shl for Checked<$t>, Checked<$f> {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shl, shl for Checked<$t>, $f {} }
+
+        impl ShlAssign<$f> for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn shl_assign(&mut self, other: $f) {
+                *self = *self << other;
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ShlAssign<Checked<$f>> for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn shl_assign(&mut self, other: Checked<$f>) {
+                *self = *self << other;
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Shr<Checked<$f>> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn shr(self, other: Checked<$f>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match (*self, *other) {
+                    (Some(x), Some(y)) => Checked(x.checked_shr(y)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Shr<$f> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn shr(self, other: $f) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(x.checked_shr(other)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shr, shr for Checked<$t>, Checked<$f> {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shr, shr for Checked<$t>, $f {} }
+
+        impl ShrAssign<$f> for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn shr_assign(&mut self, other: $f) {
+                *self = *self >> other;
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ShrAssign<Checked<$f>> for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn shr_assign(&mut self, other: Checked<$f>) {
+                *self = *self >> other;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_sh_reverse {
+    ($t:ident, $f:ident) => {
+        impl Shl<Checked<$t>> for $f {
+            type Output = Checked<$f>;
+
+            fn shl(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$f> {
+                match *other {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(self.checked_shl(x)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shl, shl for $f, Checked<$t> {} }
+
+        impl Shr<Checked<$t>> for $f {
+            type Output = Checked<$f>;
+
+            fn shr(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$f> {
+                match *other {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(self.checked_shr(x)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl Shr, shr for $f, Checked<$t> {} }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_sh_all {
+    ($($t:ident)*) => ($(
+        // When checked_shX is added for other shift sizes, uncomment some of these.
+        // impl_sh! { $t, u8 }
+        // impl_sh! { $t, u16 }
+        impl_sh! { $t, u32 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, u64 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, usize }
+
+        //impl_sh! { $t, i8 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, i16 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, i32 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, i64 }
+        //impl_sh! { $t, isize }
+
+        // impl_sh_reverse! { u8, $t }
+        // impl_sh_reverse! { u16, $t }
+        impl_sh_reverse! { u32, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { u64, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { usize, $t }
+
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { i8, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { i16, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { i32, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { i64, $t }
+        //impl_sh_reverse! { isize, $t }
+    )*)
+}
+
+impl_sh_all! { u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize }
+
+// implements unary operators for checked types
+macro_rules! impl_unop {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident, $checked_method:ident for $t:ty {}) => {
+        impl $imp for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(x.$checked_method()),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_unop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t> {} }
+    };
+}
+
+// implements unary operators for checked types (with no checked method)
+macro_rules! impl_unop_unchecked {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident for $t:ty {$op:tt}) => {
+        impl $imp for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(Some($op x)),
+                    None => Checked(None)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_unop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t> {} }
+    }
+}
+
+// implements binary operators for checked types
+macro_rules! impl_binop {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident, $checked_method:ident for $t:ty {}) => {
+        impl $imp for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match (*self, *other) {
+                    (Some(x), Some(y)) => Checked(x.$checked_method(y)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $imp<$t> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: $t) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(x.$checked_method(other)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $imp<Checked<$t>> for $t {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *other {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(self.$checked_method(x)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t>, Checked<$t> {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t>, $t {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for $t, Checked<$t> {} }
+    };
+}
+
+// implements binary operators for checked types (no checked method)
+macro_rules! impl_binop_unchecked {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident for $t:ty {$op:tt}) => {
+        impl $imp for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match (*self, *other) {
+                    (Some(x), Some(y)) => Checked(Some(x $op y)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $imp<$t> for Checked<$t> {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: $t) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *self {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(Some(x $op other)),
+                    _ => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $imp<Checked<$t>> for $t {
+            type Output = Checked<$t>;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: Checked<$t>) -> Checked<$t> {
+                match *other {
+                    Some(x) => Checked(Some(self $op x)),
+                    None => Checked(None),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t>, Checked<$t> {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for Checked<$t>, $t {} }
+        forward_ref_binop! { impl $imp, $method for $t, Checked<$t> {} }
+    }
+}
+
+// implements assignment operators for checked types
+macro_rules! impl_binop_assign {
+    (impl $imp:ident, $method:ident for $t:ty {$op:tt}) => {
+        impl $imp for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(&mut self, other: Checked<$t>) {
+                *self = *self $op other;
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $imp<$t> for Checked<$t> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn $method(&mut self, other: $t) {
+                *self = *self $op other;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! checked_impl {
+    ($($t:ty)*) => {
+        $(
+            impl_binop! { impl Add, add, checked_add for $t {} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl AddAssign, add_assign for $t {+} }
+            impl_binop! { impl Sub, sub, checked_sub for $t {} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl SubAssign, sub_assign for $t {-} }
+            impl_binop! { impl Mul, mul, checked_mul for $t {} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl MulAssign, mul_assign for $t {*} }
+            impl_binop! { impl Div, div, checked_div for $t {} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl DivAssign, div_assign for $t {/} }
+            impl_binop! { impl Rem, rem, checked_rem for $t {} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl RemAssign, rem_assign for $t {%} }
+            impl_unop_unchecked! { impl Not, not for $t {!} }
+            impl_binop_unchecked! { impl BitXor, bitxor for $t {^} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl BitXorAssign, bitxor_assign for $t {^} }
+            impl_binop_unchecked! { impl BitOr, bitor for $t {|} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl BitOrAssign, bitor_assign for $t {|} }
+            impl_binop_unchecked! { impl BitAnd, bitand for $t {&} }
+            impl_binop_assign! { impl BitAndAssign, bitand_assign for $t {&} }
+            impl_unop! { impl Neg, neg, checked_neg for $t {} }
+
+        )*
+    };
+}
+
+checked_impl! { u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize }
diff --git a/src/client/auth/sasl.rs b/src/client/auth/sasl.rs
index 1d66099a5..444038834 100644
--- a/src/client/auth/sasl.rs
+++ b/src/client/auth/sasl.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl SaslStart {
             body.insert("options", doc! { "skipEmptyExchange": true });
         }
 
-        let mut command = Command::new("saslStart".into(), self.source, body);
+        let mut command = Command::new("saslStart", self.source, body);
         if let Some(server_api) = self.server_api {
             command.set_server_api(&server_api);
         }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl SaslContinue {
             "payload": Binary { subtype: BinarySubtype::Generic, bytes: self.payload },
         };
 
-        let mut command = Command::new("saslContinue".into(), self.source, body);
+        let mut command = Command::new("saslContinue", self.source, body);
         if let Some(server_api) = self.server_api {
             command.set_server_api(&server_api);
         }
diff --git a/src/client/auth/x509.rs b/src/client/auth/x509.rs
index e7cbdfb5f..a7e58a052 100644
--- a/src/client/auth/x509.rs
+++ b/src/client/auth/x509.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) fn build_client_first(
         auth_command_doc.insert("username", username);
     }
 
-    let mut command = Command::new("authenticate".into(), "$external".into(), auth_command_doc);
+    let mut command = Command::new("authenticate", "$external", auth_command_doc);
     if let Some(server_api) = server_api {
         command.set_server_api(server_api);
     }
diff --git a/src/client/executor.rs b/src/client/executor.rs
index 15eae93d3..171452a50 100644
--- a/src/client/executor.rs
+++ b/src/client/executor.rs
@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ use crate::{
         WatchArgs,
     },
     cmap::{
-        conn::PinnedConnectionHandle,
+        conn::{
+            wire::{next_request_id, Message},
+            PinnedConnectionHandle,
+        },
         Connection,
         ConnectionPool,
-        RawCommand,
         RawCommandResponse,
     },
     cursor::{session::SessionCursor, Cursor, CursorSpecification},
@@ -573,51 +575,43 @@ impl Client {
 
         let connection_info = connection.info();
         let service_id = connection.service_id();
-        let request_id = crate::cmap::conn::next_request_id();
+        let request_id = next_request_id();
 
         if let Some(ref server_api) = self.inner.options.server_api {
             cmd.set_server_api(server_api);
         }
 
         let should_redact = cmd.should_redact();
+        let should_compress = cmd.should_compress();
 
         let cmd_name = cmd.name.clone();
         let target_db = cmd.target_db.clone();
 
-        let serialized = op.serialize_command(cmd)?;
+        #[allow(unused_mut)]
+        let mut message = Message::from_command(cmd, Some(request_id))?;
         #[cfg(feature = "in-use-encryption-unstable")]
-        let serialized = {
+        {
             let guard = self.inner.csfle.read().await;
             if let Some(ref csfle) = *guard {
                 if csfle.opts().bypass_auto_encryption != Some(true) {
-                    self.auto_encrypt(csfle, RawDocument::from_bytes(&serialized)?, &target_db)
-                        .await?
-                        .into_bytes()
-                } else {
-                    serialized
+                    let encrypted_payload = self
+                        .auto_encrypt(csfle, &message.document_payload, &target_db)
+                        .await?;
+                    message.document_payload = encrypted_payload;
                 }
-            } else {
-                serialized
             }
-        };
-        let raw_cmd = RawCommand {
-            name: cmd_name.clone(),
-            target_db,
-            exhaust_allowed: false,
-            bytes: serialized,
-        };
+        }
 
         self.emit_command_event(|| {
             let command_body = if should_redact {
                 Document::new()
             } else {
-                Document::from_reader(raw_cmd.bytes.as_slice())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| doc! { "serialization error": e.to_string() })
+                message.get_command_document()
             };
             CommandEvent::Started(CommandStartedEvent {
                 command: command_body,
-                db: raw_cmd.target_db.clone(),
-                command_name: raw_cmd.name.clone(),
+                db: target_db.clone(),
+                command_name: cmd_name.clone(),
                 request_id,
                 connection: connection_info.clone(),
                 service_id,
@@ -626,7 +620,7 @@ impl Client {
         .await;
 
         let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let command_result = match connection.send_raw_command(raw_cmd, request_id).await {
+        let command_result = match connection.send_message(message, should_compress).await {
             Ok(response) => {
                 async fn handle_response<T: Operation>(
                     client: &Client,
diff --git a/src/client/options.rs b/src/client/options.rs
index f4bef3193..7e1519161 100644
--- a/src/client/options.rs
+++ b/src/client/options.rs
@@ -738,7 +738,11 @@ impl Serialize for ClientOptions {
             writeconcern: &self.write_concern,
             loadbalanced: &self.load_balanced,
             zlibcompressionlevel: &None,
-            srvmaxhosts: self.srv_max_hosts.map(|v| v as i32),
+            srvmaxhosts: self
+                .srv_max_hosts
+                .map(|v| v.try_into())
+                .transpose()
+                .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?,
         };
 
         client_options.serialize(serializer)
diff --git a/src/cmap.rs b/src/cmap.rs
index dd4ca5d1c..c3f981352 100644
--- a/src/cmap.rs
+++ b/src/cmap.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use derivative::Derivative;
 
 pub use self::conn::ConnectionInfo;
 pub(crate) use self::{
-    conn::{Command, Connection, RawCommand, RawCommandResponse, StreamDescription},
+    conn::{Command, Connection, RawCommandResponse, StreamDescription},
     status::PoolGenerationSubscriber,
     worker::PoolGeneration,
 };
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn.rs b/src/cmap/conn.rs
index f42a9f7f4..8c358ffe3 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod command;
 mod stream_description;
-mod wire;
+pub(crate) mod wire;
 
 use std::{
     sync::Arc,
@@ -33,9 +33,8 @@ use crate::{
     options::ServerAddress,
     runtime::AsyncStream,
 };
-pub(crate) use command::{Command, RawCommand, RawCommandResponse};
+pub(crate) use command::{Command, RawCommandResponse};
 pub(crate) use stream_description::StreamDescription;
-pub(crate) use wire::next_request_id;
 
 /// User-facing information about a connection to the database.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
@@ -181,6 +180,7 @@ impl Connection {
         )
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     pub(crate) fn info(&self) -> ConnectionInfo {
         ConnectionInfo {
             id: self.id,
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl Connection {
         }
     }
 
-    async fn send_message(
+    pub(crate) async fn send_message(
         &mut self,
         message: Message,
         to_compress: bool,
@@ -318,7 +318,10 @@ impl Connection {
         let response_message = response_message_result?;
         self.more_to_come = response_message.flags.contains(MessageFlags::MORE_TO_COME);
 
-        RawCommandResponse::new(self.address.clone(), response_message)
+        Ok(RawCommandResponse::new(
+            self.address.clone(),
+            response_message,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Executes a `Command` and returns a `CommandResponse` containing the result from the server.
@@ -332,23 +335,7 @@ impl Connection {
         request_id: impl Into<Option<i32>>,
     ) -> Result<RawCommandResponse> {
         let to_compress = command.should_compress();
-        let message = Message::with_command(command, request_id.into())?;
-        self.send_message(message, to_compress).await
-    }
-
-    /// Executes a `RawCommand` and returns a `CommandResponse` containing the result from the
-    /// server.
-    ///
-    /// An `Ok(...)` result simply means the server received the command and that the driver
-    /// received the response; it does not imply anything about the success of the command
-    /// itself.
-    pub(crate) async fn send_raw_command(
-        &mut self,
-        command: RawCommand,
-        request_id: impl Into<Option<i32>>,
-    ) -> Result<RawCommandResponse> {
-        let to_compress = command.should_compress();
-        let message = Message::with_raw_command(command, request_id.into());
+        let message = Message::from_command(command, request_id.into())?;
         self.send_message(message, to_compress).await
     }
 
@@ -379,7 +366,10 @@ impl Connection {
         let response_message = response_message_result?;
         self.more_to_come = response_message.flags.contains(MessageFlags::MORE_TO_COME);
 
-        RawCommandResponse::new(self.address.clone(), response_message)
+        Ok(RawCommandResponse::new(
+            self.address.clone(),
+            response_message,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Gets the connection's StreamDescription.
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn/command.rs b/src/cmap/conn/command.rs
index 311d7d42c..933125156 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn/command.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn/command.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use bson::{RawDocument, RawDocumentBuf};
 use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use super::wire::Message;
+use super::wire::{message::DocumentSequence, Message};
 use crate::{
-    bson::{rawdoc, Document},
-    bson_util::extend_raw_document_buf,
-    client::{options::ServerApi, ClusterTime, HELLO_COMMAND_NAMES, REDACTED_COMMANDS},
+    bson::Document,
+    client::{options::ServerApi, ClusterTime},
     error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     hello::{HelloCommandResponse, HelloReply},
     operation::{CommandErrorBody, CommandResponse},
@@ -14,28 +13,14 @@ use crate::{
     ClientSession,
 };
 
-/// A command that has been serialized to BSON.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct RawCommand {
-    pub(crate) name: String,
-    pub(crate) target_db: String,
-    /// Whether or not the server may respond to this command multiple times via the moreToComeBit.
-    pub(crate) exhaust_allowed: bool,
-    pub(crate) bytes: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-impl RawCommand {
-    pub(crate) fn should_compress(&self) -> bool {
-        let name = self.name.to_lowercase();
-        !REDACTED_COMMANDS.contains(name.as_str()) && !HELLO_COMMAND_NAMES.contains(name.as_str())
-    }
-}
-
 /// Driver-side model of a database command.
 #[serde_with::skip_serializing_none]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub(crate) struct Command<T = Document> {
+pub(crate) struct Command<T = Document>
+where
+    T: Serialize,
+{
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub(crate) name: String,
 
@@ -45,6 +30,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Command<T = Document> {
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub(crate) body: T,
 
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) document_sequences: Vec<DocumentSequence>,
+
     #[serde(rename = "$db")]
     pub(crate) target_db: String,
 
@@ -70,13 +58,17 @@ pub(crate) struct Command<T = Document> {
     recovery_token: Option<Document>,
 }
 
-impl<T> Command<T> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(name: String, target_db: String, body: T) -> Self {
+impl<T> Command<T>
+where
+    T: Serialize,
+{
+    pub(crate) fn new(name: impl ToString, target_db: impl ToString, body: T) -> Self {
         Self {
-            name,
-            target_db,
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            target_db: target_db.to_string(),
             exhaust_allowed: false,
             body,
+            document_sequences: Vec::new(),
             lsid: None,
             cluster_time: None,
             server_api: None,
@@ -100,6 +92,7 @@ impl<T> Command<T> {
             target_db,
             exhaust_allowed: false,
             body,
+            document_sequences: Vec::new(),
             lsid: None,
             cluster_time: None,
             server_api: None,
@@ -112,6 +105,17 @@ impl<T> Command<T> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn add_document_sequence(
+        &mut self,
+        identifier: impl ToString,
+        documents: Vec<RawDocumentBuf>,
+    ) {
+        self.document_sequences.push(DocumentSequence {
+            identifier: identifier.to_string(),
+            documents,
+        });
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_session(&mut self, session: &ClientSession) {
         self.lsid = Some(session.id().clone())
     }
@@ -178,19 +182,6 @@ impl<T> Command<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Command<RawDocumentBuf> {
-    pub(crate) fn into_bson_bytes(mut self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        let mut command = self.body;
-
-        // Clear the body of the command to avoid re-serializing.
-        self.body = rawdoc! {};
-        let rest_of_command = bson::to_raw_document_buf(&self)?;
-
-        extend_raw_document_buf(&mut command, rest_of_command)?;
-        Ok(command.into_bytes())
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct RawCommandResponse {
     pub(crate) source: ServerAddress,
@@ -220,9 +211,8 @@ impl RawCommandResponse {
         )
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn new(source: ServerAddress, message: Message) -> Result<Self> {
-        let raw = message.single_document_response()?;
-        Ok(Self::new_raw(source, RawDocumentBuf::from_bytes(raw)?))
+    pub(crate) fn new(source: ServerAddress, message: Message) -> Self {
+        Self::new_raw(source, message.document_payload)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_raw(source: ServerAddress, raw: RawDocumentBuf) -> Self {
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn/stream_description.rs b/src/cmap/conn/stream_description.rs
index 2ea6c7f99..b24164e26 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn/stream_description.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn/stream_description.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl StreamDescription {
             max_bson_object_size: 16 * 1024 * 1024,
             max_write_batch_size: 100_000,
             hello_ok: false,
-            max_message_size_bytes: Default::default(),
+            max_message_size_bytes: 48_000_000,
             service_id: None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn/wire.rs b/src/cmap/conn/wire.rs
index cfcaaaa04..76ef2cfab 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn/wire.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn/wire.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mod header;
-mod message;
+pub(crate) mod message;
 mod util;
 
 pub(crate) use self::{
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn/wire/message.rs b/src/cmap/conn/wire/message.rs
index 8b5d54bce..de5c9bb38 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn/wire/message.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn/wire/message.rs
@@ -1,85 +1,87 @@
 use std::io::Read;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+use bson::{doc, Array, Document};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
 
-use super::header::{Header, OpCode};
+use super::{
+    header::{Header, OpCode},
+    next_request_id,
+};
 use crate::{
+    bson::RawDocumentBuf,
     bson_util,
-    cmap::{
-        conn::{command::RawCommand, wire::util::SyncCountReader},
-        Command,
-    },
+    checked::Checked,
+    cmap::{conn::wire::util::SyncCountReader, Command},
+    compression::{Compressor, Decoder},
     error::{Error, ErrorKind, Result},
     runtime::SyncLittleEndianRead,
 };
 
-use crate::compression::{Compressor, Decoder};
-
 /// Represents an OP_MSG wire protocol operation.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Message {
+    // OP_MSG payload type 0
+    pub(crate) document_payload: RawDocumentBuf,
+    // OP_MSG payload type 1
+    pub(crate) document_sequences: Vec<DocumentSequence>,
     pub(crate) response_to: i32,
     pub(crate) flags: MessageFlags,
-    pub(crate) sections: Vec<MessageSection>,
     pub(crate) checksum: Option<u32>,
     pub(crate) request_id: Option<i32>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct DocumentSequence {
+    pub(crate) identifier: String,
+    pub(crate) documents: Vec<RawDocumentBuf>,
+}
+
 impl Message {
-    /// Creates a `Message` from a given `Command`.
-    ///
-    /// Note that `response_to` will need to be set manually.
-    pub(crate) fn with_command(command: Command, request_id: Option<i32>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let bytes = bson::to_vec(&command)?;
-        Ok(Self::with_raw_command(
-            RawCommand {
-                bytes,
-                target_db: command.target_db,
-                name: command.name,
-                exhaust_allowed: command.exhaust_allowed,
-            },
-            request_id,
-        ))
-    }
+    /// Creates a `Message` from a given `Command`. Note that the `response_to` field must be set
+    /// manually.
+    pub(crate) fn from_command<T: Serialize>(
+        command: Command<T>,
+        request_id: Option<i32>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let document_payload = bson::to_raw_document_buf(&command)?;
 
-    /// Creates a `Message` from a given `Command`.
-    ///
-    /// Note that `response_to` will need to be set manually.
-    pub(crate) fn with_raw_command(command: RawCommand, request_id: Option<i32>) -> Self {
         let mut flags = MessageFlags::empty();
         if command.exhaust_allowed {
             flags |= MessageFlags::EXHAUST_ALLOWED;
         }
 
-        Self {
+        Ok(Self {
+            document_payload,
+            document_sequences: command.document_sequences,
             response_to: 0,
             flags,
-            sections: vec![MessageSection::Document(command.bytes)],
             checksum: None,
             request_id,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    /// Gets the first document contained in this Message.
-    pub(crate) fn single_document_response(self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        let section = self.sections.into_iter().next().ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::new(
-                ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
-                    message: "no response received from server".into(),
-                },
-                Option::<Vec<String>>::None,
-            )
-        })?;
-        match section {
-            MessageSection::Document(doc) => Some(doc),
-            MessageSection::Sequence { documents, .. } => documents.into_iter().next(),
+    /// Gets this message's command as a Document. If serialization fails, returns a document
+    /// containing the error.
+    pub(crate) fn get_command_document(&self) -> Document {
+        let mut command = match self.document_payload.to_document() {
+            Ok(document) => document,
+            Err(error) => return doc! { "serialization error": error.to_string() },
+        };
+
+        for document_sequence in &self.document_sequences {
+            let mut documents = Array::new();
+            for document in &document_sequence.documents {
+                match document.to_document() {
+                    Ok(document) => documents.push(document.into()),
+                    Err(error) => return doc! { "serialization error": error.to_string() },
+                }
+            }
+            command.insert(document_sequence.identifier.clone(), documents);
         }
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::from(ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
-                message: "no message received from the server".to_string(),
-            })
-        })
+
+        command
     }
 
     /// Reads bytes from `reader` and deserializes them into a Message.
@@ -120,21 +122,22 @@ impl Message {
         mut reader: T,
         header: &Header,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        // TODO: RUST-616 ensure length is < maxMessageSizeBytes
-        let length_remaining = header.length - Header::LENGTH as i32;
-        let mut buf = vec![0u8; length_remaining as usize];
+        let length = Checked::<usize>::try_from(header.length)?;
+        let length_remaining = length - Header::LENGTH;
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; length_remaining.get()?];
         reader.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
         let reader = buf.as_slice();
 
-        Self::read_op_common(reader, length_remaining, header)
+        Self::read_op_common(reader, length_remaining.get()?, header)
     }
 
     async fn read_from_op_compressed<T: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send>(
         mut reader: T,
         header: &Header,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let length_remaining = header.length - Header::LENGTH as i32;
-        let mut buf = vec![0u8; length_remaining as usize];
+        let length = Checked::<usize>::try_from(header.length)?;
+        let length_remaining = length - Header::LENGTH;
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; length_remaining.get()?];
         reader.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
         let mut reader = buf.as_slice();
 
@@ -152,7 +155,7 @@ impl Message {
         }
 
         // Read uncompressed size
-        let uncompressed_size = reader.read_i32_sync()?;
+        let uncompressed_size = Checked::<usize>::try_from(reader.read_i32_sync()?)?;
 
         // Read compressor id
         let compressor_id: u8 = reader.read_u8_sync()?;
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ impl Message {
         let decoded_message = decoder.decode(reader)?;
 
         // Check that claimed length matches original length
-        if decoded_message.len() as i32 != uncompressed_size {
+        if decoded_message.len() != uncompressed_size.get()? {
             return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
                 message: format!(
                     "The server's message claims that the uncompressed length is {}, but was \
@@ -180,46 +183,61 @@ impl Message {
         let reader = decoded_message.as_slice();
         let length_remaining = decoded_message.len();
 
-        Self::read_op_common(reader, length_remaining as i32, header)
+        Self::read_op_common(reader, length_remaining, header)
     }
 
-    fn read_op_common(
-        mut reader: &[u8],
-        mut length_remaining: i32,
-        header: &Header,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
+    fn read_op_common(mut reader: &[u8], length_remaining: usize, header: &Header) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut length_remaining = Checked::new(length_remaining);
         let flags = MessageFlags::from_bits_truncate(reader.read_u32_sync()?);
-        length_remaining -= std::mem::size_of::<u32>() as i32;
+        length_remaining -= std::mem::size_of::<u32>();
 
         let mut count_reader = SyncCountReader::new(&mut reader);
-        let mut sections = Vec::new();
-
-        while length_remaining - count_reader.bytes_read() as i32 > 4 {
-            sections.push(MessageSection::read(&mut count_reader)?);
+        let mut document_payload = None;
+        let mut document_sequences = Vec::new();
+        while (length_remaining - count_reader.bytes_read()).get()? > 4 {
+            let next_section = MessageSection::read(&mut count_reader)?;
+            match next_section {
+                MessageSection::Document(document) => {
+                    if document_payload.is_some() {
+                        return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
+                            message: "an OP_MSG response must contain exactly one payload type 0 \
+                                      section"
+                                .into(),
+                        }
+                        .into());
+                    } else {
+                        document_payload = Some(document);
+                    }
+                }
+                MessageSection::Sequence(document_sequence) => {
+                    document_sequences.push(document_sequence)
+                }
+            }
         }
 
-        length_remaining -= count_reader.bytes_read() as i32;
+        length_remaining -= count_reader.bytes_read();
 
         let mut checksum = None;
 
-        if length_remaining == 4 && flags.contains(MessageFlags::CHECKSUM_PRESENT) {
+        if length_remaining.get()? == 4 && flags.contains(MessageFlags::CHECKSUM_PRESENT) {
             checksum = Some(reader.read_u32_sync()?);
-        } else if length_remaining != 0 {
-            return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
-                message: format!(
-                    "The server indicated that the reply would be {} bytes long, but it instead \
-                     was {}",
-                    header.length,
-                    header.length - length_remaining + count_reader.bytes_read() as i32,
-                ),
-            }
-            .into());
+        } else if length_remaining.get()? != 0 {
+            let header_len = Checked::<usize>::try_from(header.length)?;
+            return Err(Error::invalid_response(format!(
+                "The server indicated that the reply would be {} bytes long, but it instead was {}",
+                header.length,
+                header_len - length_remaining + count_reader.bytes_read(),
+            )));
         }
 
         Ok(Self {
             response_to: header.response_to,
             flags,
-            sections,
+            document_payload: document_payload.ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
+                message: "an OP_MSG response must contain exactly one payload type 0 section"
+                    .into(),
+            })?,
+            document_sequences,
             checksum,
             request_id: None,
         })
@@ -227,15 +245,11 @@ impl Message {
 
     /// Serializes the Message to bytes and writes them to `writer`.
     pub(crate) async fn write_to<T: AsyncWrite + Send + Unpin>(&self, mut writer: T) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut sections_bytes = Vec::new();
+        let sections = self.get_sections_bytes()?;
 
-        for section in &self.sections {
-            section.write(&mut sections_bytes).await?;
-        }
-
-        let total_length = Header::LENGTH
+        let total_length = Checked::new(Header::LENGTH)
             + std::mem::size_of::<u32>()
-            + sections_bytes.len()
+            + sections.len()
             + self
                 .checksum
                 .as_ref()
@@ -243,15 +257,15 @@ impl Message {
                 .unwrap_or(0);
 
         let header = Header {
-            length: total_length as i32,
-            request_id: self.request_id.unwrap_or_else(super::util::next_request_id),
+            length: total_length.try_into()?,
+            request_id: self.request_id.unwrap_or_else(next_request_id),
             response_to: self.response_to,
             op_code: OpCode::Message,
         };
 
         header.write_to(&mut writer).await?;
         writer.write_u32_le(self.flags.bits()).await?;
-        writer.write_all(&sections_bytes).await?;
+        writer.write_all(&sections).await?;
 
         if let Some(checksum) = self.checksum {
             writer.write_u32_le(checksum).await?;
@@ -263,7 +277,7 @@ impl Message {
     }
 
     /// Serializes message to bytes, compresses those bytes, and writes the bytes.
-    pub async fn write_compressed_to<T: AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send>(
+    pub(crate) async fn write_compressed_to<T: AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send>(
         &self,
         mut writer: T,
         compressor: &Compressor,
@@ -271,28 +285,25 @@ impl Message {
         let mut encoder = compressor.to_encoder()?;
         let compressor_id = compressor.id() as u8;
 
-        let mut sections_bytes = Vec::new();
+        let sections = self.get_sections_bytes()?;
 
-        for section in &self.sections {
-            section.write(&mut sections_bytes).await?;
-        }
         let flag_bytes = &self.flags.bits().to_le_bytes();
-        let uncompressed_len = sections_bytes.len() + flag_bytes.len();
+        let uncompressed_len = Checked::new(sections.len()) + flag_bytes.len();
         // Compress the flags and sections.  Depending on the handshake
         // this could use zlib, zstd or snappy
         encoder.write_all(flag_bytes)?;
-        encoder.write_all(sections_bytes.as_slice())?;
+        encoder.write_all(sections.as_slice())?;
         let compressed_bytes = encoder.finish()?;
 
-        let total_length = Header::LENGTH
+        let total_length = Checked::new(Header::LENGTH)
             + std::mem::size_of::<i32>()
             + std::mem::size_of::<i32>()
             + std::mem::size_of::<u8>()
             + compressed_bytes.len();
 
         let header = Header {
-            length: total_length as i32,
-            request_id: self.request_id.unwrap_or_else(super::util::next_request_id),
+            length: total_length.try_into()?,
+            request_id: self.request_id.unwrap_or_else(next_request_id),
             response_to: self.response_to,
             op_code: OpCode::Compressed,
         };
@@ -302,7 +313,7 @@ impl Message {
         // Write original (pre-compressed) opcode (always OP_MSG)
         writer.write_i32_le(OpCode::Message as i32).await?;
         // Write uncompressed size
-        writer.write_i32_le(uncompressed_len as i32).await?;
+        writer.write_i32_le(uncompressed_len.try_into()?).await?;
         // Write compressor id
         writer.write_u8(compressor_id).await?;
         // Write compressed message
@@ -312,6 +323,41 @@ impl Message {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    fn get_sections_bytes(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut sections = Vec::new();
+
+        // Payload type 0
+        sections.push(0);
+        sections.extend(self.document_payload.as_bytes());
+
+        for document_sequence in &self.document_sequences {
+            // Payload type 1
+            sections.push(1);
+
+            let identifier_bytes = document_sequence.identifier.as_bytes();
+
+            let documents_size = document_sequence
+                .documents
+                .iter()
+                .fold(0, |running_size, document| {
+                    running_size + document.as_bytes().len()
+                });
+
+            // Size bytes + identifier bytes + null-terminator byte + document bytes
+            let size = Checked::new(4) + identifier_bytes.len() + 1 + documents_size;
+            sections.extend(size.try_into::<i32>()?.to_le_bytes());
+
+            sections.extend(identifier_bytes);
+            sections.push(0);
+
+            for document in &document_sequence.documents {
+                sections.extend(document.as_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(sections)
+    }
 }
 
 const DEFAULT_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE_BYTES: i32 = 48 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -327,13 +373,9 @@ bitflags! {
 
 /// Represents a section as defined by the OP_MSG spec.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum MessageSection {
-    Document(Vec<u8>),
-    Sequence {
-        size: i32,
-        identifier: String,
-        documents: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-    },
+enum MessageSection {
+    Document(RawDocumentBuf),
+    Sequence(DocumentSequence),
 }
 
 impl MessageSection {
@@ -342,68 +384,41 @@ impl MessageSection {
         let payload_type = reader.read_u8_sync()?;
 
         if payload_type == 0 {
-            return Ok(MessageSection::Document(bson_util::read_document_bytes(
-                reader,
-            )?));
+            let bytes = bson_util::read_document_bytes(reader)?;
+            let document = RawDocumentBuf::from_bytes(bytes)?;
+            return Ok(MessageSection::Document(document));
         }
 
-        let size = reader.read_i32_sync()?;
-        let mut length_remaining = size - std::mem::size_of::<i32>() as i32;
+        let size = Checked::<usize>::try_from(reader.read_i32_sync()?)?;
+        let mut length_remaining = size - std::mem::size_of::<i32>();
 
         let mut identifier = String::new();
-        length_remaining -= reader.read_to_string(&mut identifier)? as i32;
+        length_remaining -= reader.read_to_string(&mut identifier)?;
 
         let mut documents = Vec::new();
         let mut count_reader = SyncCountReader::new(reader);
 
-        while length_remaining > count_reader.bytes_read() as i32 {
-            documents.push(bson_util::read_document_bytes(&mut count_reader)?);
+        while length_remaining.get()? > count_reader.bytes_read() {
+            let bytes = bson_util::read_document_bytes(&mut count_reader)?;
+            let document = RawDocumentBuf::from_bytes(bytes)?;
+            documents.push(document);
         }
 
-        if length_remaining != count_reader.bytes_read() as i32 {
+        if length_remaining.get()? != count_reader.bytes_read() {
             return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
                 message: format!(
                     "The server indicated that the reply would be {} bytes long, but it instead \
                      was {}",
                     size,
-                    length_remaining + count_reader.bytes_read() as i32,
+                    length_remaining + count_reader.bytes_read(),
                 ),
             }
             .into());
         }
 
-        Ok(MessageSection::Sequence {
-            size,
+        Ok(MessageSection::Sequence(DocumentSequence {
             identifier,
             documents,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Serializes the MessageSection to bytes and writes them to `writer`.
-    async fn write<W: AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send>(&self, writer: &mut W) -> Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Document(doc) => {
-                // Write payload type.
-                writer.write_u8(0).await?;
-                writer.write_all(doc.as_slice()).await?;
-            }
-            Self::Sequence {
-                size,
-                identifier,
-                documents,
-            } => {
-                // Write payload type.
-                writer.write_u8(1).await?;
-
-                writer.write_i32_le(*size).await?;
-                super::util::write_cstring(writer, identifier).await?;
-
-                for doc in documents {
-                    writer.write_all(doc.as_slice()).await?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
+        }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/cmap/conn/wire/util.rs b/src/cmap/conn/wire/util.rs
index c39746bcb..a746ec273 100644
--- a/src/cmap/conn/wire/util.rs
+++ b/src/cmap/conn/wire/util.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
-
-use crate::error::Result;
 
 /// Closure to obtain a new, unique request ID.
 pub(crate) fn next_request_id() -> i32 {
@@ -17,20 +14,6 @@ pub(crate) fn next_request_id() -> i32 {
     REQUEST_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
 }
 
-/// Serializes `string` to bytes and writes them to `writer` with a null terminator appended.
-pub(super) async fn write_cstring<W: AsyncWrite + Unpin>(
-    writer: &mut W,
-    string: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    // Write the string's UTF-8 bytes.
-    writer.write_all(string.as_bytes()).await?;
-
-    // Write the null terminator.
-    writer.write_all(&[0]).await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 pub(super) struct SyncCountReader<R> {
     reader: R,
     bytes_read: usize,
diff --git a/src/coll.rs b/src/coll.rs
index b8064fd74..0a6769628 100644
--- a/src/coll.rs
+++ b/src/coll.rs
@@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ where
 
         while n_attempted < ds.len() {
             let docs: Vec<&T> = ds.iter().skip(n_attempted).map(Borrow::borrow).collect();
-            let insert = Insert::new_encrypted(
+            let insert = Insert::new(
                 self.namespace(),
                 docs,
                 options.clone(),
@@ -1360,10 +1360,16 @@ where
         let mut options = options.into();
         resolve_write_concern_with_session!(self, options, session.as_ref())?;
 
+        #[cfg(feature = "in-use-encryption-unstable")]
+        let encrypted = self.client().auto_encryption_opts().await.is_some();
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "in-use-encryption-unstable"))]
+        let encrypted = false;
+
         let insert = Insert::new(
             self.namespace(),
             vec![doc],
             options.map(InsertManyOptions::from_insert_one_options),
+            encrypted,
             self.inner.human_readable_serialization,
         );
         self.client()
diff --git a/src/coll/options.rs b/src/coll/options.rs
index eec2a4fab..658ed5b7c 100644
--- a/src/coll/options.rs
+++ b/src/coll/options.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::Result,
     options::Collation,
     selection_criteria::SelectionCriteria,
-    serde_util,
+    serde_util::{self, write_concern_is_empty},
 };
 
 // Generated code for `Deserialize` or `TypedBuilder` causes a deprecation warning; annotating the
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ pub struct InsertManyOptions {
     pub ordered: Option<bool>,
 
     /// The write concern for the operation.
-    #[serde(skip_deserializing)]
+    #[serde(skip_deserializing, skip_serializing_if = "write_concern_is_empty")]
     pub write_concern: Option<WriteConcern>,
 
     /// Tags the query with an arbitrary [`Bson`] value to help trace the operation through the
diff --git a/src/collation.rs b/src/collation.rs
index bae93d02b..b7fb2334d 100644
--- a/src/collation.rs
+++ b/src/collation.rs
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl Serialize for CollationStrength {
         S: serde::Serializer,
     {
         let level = u32::from(*self);
-        serializer.serialize_i32(level as i32)
+        serializer.serialize_i32(level.try_into().map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index fad317ced..70e8bd8c9 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,13 @@ impl Error {
         .into()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn invalid_response(message: impl Into<String>) -> Error {
+        ErrorKind::InvalidResponse {
+            message: message.into(),
+        }
+        .into()
+    }
+
     /// Construct a generic network timeout error.
     pub(crate) fn network_timeout() -> Error {
         ErrorKind::Io(Arc::new(std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut.into())).into()
diff --git a/src/gridfs.rs b/src/gridfs.rs
index 29c757581..86106fae5 100644
--- a/src/gridfs.rs
+++ b/src/gridfs.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use serde_with::skip_serializing_none;
 
 use crate::{
     bson::{doc, oid::ObjectId, Bson, DateTime, Document, RawBinaryRef},
+    checked::Checked,
     cursor::Cursor,
     error::{Error, ErrorKind, GridFsErrorKind, GridFsFileIdentifier, Result},
     options::{CollectionOptions, FindOptions, ReadConcern, SelectionCriteria, WriteConcern},
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ impl FilesCollectionDocument {
 
     fn n_from_vals(length: u64, chunk_size_bytes: u32) -> u32 {
         let chunk_size_bytes = chunk_size_bytes as u64;
-        let n = length / chunk_size_bytes + u64::from(length % chunk_size_bytes != 0);
-        n as u32
+        let n = Checked::new(length) / chunk_size_bytes + u64::from(length % chunk_size_bytes != 0);
+        n.try_into().unwrap()
     }
 
     /// Returns the expected length of a chunk given its index.
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ impl FilesCollectionDocument {
     fn expected_chunk_length_from_vals(length: u64, chunk_size_bytes: u32, n: u32) -> u32 {
         let remainder = length % (chunk_size_bytes as u64);
         if n == Self::n_from_vals(length, chunk_size_bytes) - 1 && remainder != 0 {
-            remainder as u32
+            Checked::new(remainder).try_into().unwrap()
         } else {
             chunk_size_bytes
         }
diff --git a/src/gridfs/upload.rs b/src/gridfs/upload.rs
index b283301c3..b0b806746 100644
--- a/src/gridfs/upload.rs
+++ b/src/gridfs/upload.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use super::{options::GridFsUploadOptions, Chunk, FilesCollectionDocument, GridFs
 use crate::{
     bson::{doc, oid::ObjectId, spec::BinarySubtype, Bson, DateTime, Document, RawBinaryRef},
     bson_util::get_int,
+    checked::Checked,
     client::AsyncDropToken,
     error::{Error, ErrorKind, GridFsErrorKind, Result},
     index::IndexModel,
@@ -501,21 +502,22 @@ async fn write_bytes(
     chunk_size_bytes: u32,
     files_id: Bson,
 ) -> Result<(u32, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let chunk_size_bytes: usize = Checked::new(chunk_size_bytes).try_into()?;
     bucket.create_indexes().await?;
 
-    let mut n = 0;
+    let mut n = Checked::new(0);
     let mut chunks = vec![];
 
-    while buffer.len() as u32 - (n * chunk_size_bytes) >= chunk_size_bytes {
+    while (Checked::new(buffer.len()) - (n * chunk_size_bytes)).get()? >= chunk_size_bytes {
         let start = n * chunk_size_bytes;
         let end = (n + 1) * chunk_size_bytes;
         let chunk = Chunk {
             id: ObjectId::new(),
             files_id: files_id.clone(),
-            n: starting_n + n,
+            n: starting_n + n.try_into::<u32>()?,
             data: RawBinaryRef {
                 subtype: BinarySubtype::Generic,
-                bytes: &buffer[(start as usize)..(end as usize)],
+                bytes: &buffer[start.get()?..end.get()?],
             },
         };
         n += 1;
@@ -524,8 +526,8 @@ async fn write_bytes(
 
     match bucket.chunks().insert_many(chunks, None).await {
         Ok(_) => {
-            buffer.drain(..(n * chunk_size_bytes) as usize);
-            Ok((n, buffer))
+            buffer.drain(..(n * chunk_size_bytes).get()?);
+            Ok((n.try_into()?, buffer))
         }
         Err(error) => match clean_up_chunks(files_id, bucket.chunks().clone(), Some(error)).await {
             // clean_up_chunks will always return an error if one is passed in, so this case is
diff --git a/src/hello.rs b/src/hello.rs
index 1c1c14348..3925a3219 100644
--- a/src/hello.rs
+++ b/src/hello.rs
@@ -54,10 +54,16 @@ pub(crate) fn hello_command(
 
     if let Some(opts) = awaitable_options {
         command.insert("topologyVersion", opts.topology_version);
-        command.insert("maxAwaitTimeMS", opts.max_await_time.as_millis() as i64);
+        command.insert(
+            "maxAwaitTimeMS",
+            opts.max_await_time
+                .as_millis()
+                .try_into()
+                .unwrap_or(i64::MAX),
+        );
     }
 
-    let mut command = Command::new(command_name.into(), "admin".into(), command);
+    let mut command = Command::new(command_name, "admin", command);
     if let Some(server_api) = server_api {
         command.set_server_api(server_api);
     }
@@ -183,6 +189,7 @@ pub(crate) struct HelloCommandResponse {
     pub connection_id: Option<i64>,
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 fn deserialize_connection_id<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(
     de: D,
 ) -> std::result::Result<Option<i64>, D::Error> {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7f19df987..cf48784e7 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -294,6 +294,8 @@
 
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
 #![warn(rustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs)]
+#![warn(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#![warn(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
 #![cfg_attr(
     feature = "cargo-clippy",
     allow(
@@ -320,6 +322,7 @@ pub use ::mongocrypt;
 
 mod bson_util;
 pub mod change_stream;
+pub(crate) mod checked;
 mod client;
 mod cmap;
 mod coll;
diff --git a/src/operation.rs b/src/operation.rs
index 52f2e8392..2277456f1 100644
--- a/src/operation.rs
+++ b/src/operation.rs
@@ -79,6 +79,11 @@ pub(crate) use update::{Update, UpdateOrReplace};
 
 const SERVER_4_2_0_WIRE_VERSION: i32 = 8;
 const SERVER_4_4_0_WIRE_VERSION: i32 = 9;
+// The maximum number of bytes that may be included in a write payload when auto-encryption is
+// enabled.
+const MAX_ENCRYPTED_WRITE_SIZE: usize = 2_097_152;
+// The amount of overhead bytes to account for when building a document sequence.
+const COMMAND_OVERHEAD_SIZE: usize = 16_000;
 
 /// A trait modeling the behavior of a server side operation.
 ///
@@ -98,10 +103,6 @@ pub(crate) trait Operation {
     /// The operation may store some additional state that is required for handling the response.
     fn build(&mut self, description: &StreamDescription) -> Result<Command<Self::Command>>;
 
-    /// Perform custom serialization of the built command.
-    /// By default, this will just call through to the `Serialize` implementation of the command.
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>>;
-
     /// Parse the response for the atClusterTime field.
     /// Depending on the operation, this may be found in different locations.
     fn extract_at_cluster_time(&self, _response: &RawDocument) -> Result<Option<Timestamp>>;
@@ -413,12 +414,6 @@ pub(crate) trait OperationWithDefaults {
     /// The operation may store some additional state that is required for handling the response.
     fn build(&mut self, description: &StreamDescription) -> Result<Command<Self::Command>>;
 
-    /// Perform custom serialization of the built command.
-    /// By default, this will just call through to the `Serialize` implementation of the command.
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        Ok(bson::to_vec(&cmd)?)
-    }
-
     /// Parse the response for the atClusterTime field.
     /// Depending on the operation, this may be found in different locations.
     fn extract_at_cluster_time(&self, _response: &RawDocument) -> Result<Option<Timestamp>> {
@@ -489,9 +484,6 @@ impl<T: OperationWithDefaults> Operation for T {
     fn build(&mut self, description: &StreamDescription) -> Result<Command<Self::Command>> {
         self.build(description)
     }
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.serialize_command(cmd)
-    }
     fn extract_at_cluster_time(&self, response: &RawDocument) -> Result<Option<Timestamp>> {
         self.extract_at_cluster_time(response)
     }
diff --git a/src/operation/aggregate/test.rs b/src/operation/aggregate/test.rs
index 54c782a33..b2bda57f7 100644
--- a/src/operation/aggregate/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/aggregate/test.rs
@@ -1,175 +1,16 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use super::AggregateTarget;
 use crate::{
-    bson::{doc, Document},
-    bson_util,
-    cmap::StreamDescription,
-    concern::{ReadConcern, ReadConcernLevel},
+    bson::doc,
     error::{ErrorKind, WriteFailure},
     operation::{
         test::{self, handle_response_test},
         Aggregate,
-        Operation,
     },
-    options::{AggregateOptions, Hint},
+    options::AggregateOptions,
     Namespace,
 };
 
-fn build_test(
-    target: impl Into<AggregateTarget>,
-    pipeline: Vec<Document>,
-    options: Option<AggregateOptions>,
-    mut expected_body: Document,
-) {
-    let target = target.into();
-
-    let mut aggregate = Aggregate::new(target.clone(), pipeline, options);
-
-    let cmd = aggregate.build(&StreamDescription::new_testing()).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.name.as_str(), "aggregate");
-    assert_eq!(cmd.target_db.as_str(), target.db_name());
-
-    let cmd_bytes = aggregate.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let mut cmd_doc = bson::from_slice(&cmd_bytes).unwrap();
-
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut expected_body);
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut cmd_doc);
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc, expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let pipeline = vec![doc! { "$match": { "x": 3 }}];
-
-    let options = AggregateOptions::builder()
-        .hint(Hint::Keys(doc! { "x": 1, "y": 2 }))
-        .bypass_document_validation(true)
-        .read_concern(ReadConcern::from(ReadConcernLevel::Available))
-        .build();
-
-    let expected_body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "pipeline": bson_util::to_bson_array(&pipeline),
-        "cursor": {},
-        "hint": {
-            "x": 1,
-            "y": 2,
-        },
-        "bypassDocumentValidation": true,
-        "readConcern": {
-            "level": "available"
-        },
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns, pipeline, Some(options), expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_batch_size() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let pipeline = Vec::new();
-
-    let mut expected_body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "pipeline": [],
-        "cursor": {},
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns.clone(), pipeline.clone(), None, expected_body.clone());
-
-    build_test(
-        ns.clone(),
-        pipeline.clone(),
-        Some(AggregateOptions::default()),
-        expected_body.clone(),
-    );
-
-    let batch_size_options = AggregateOptions::builder().batch_size(5).build();
-    expected_body.insert("cursor", doc! { "batchSize": 5 });
-    build_test(
-        ns.clone(),
-        pipeline,
-        Some(batch_size_options.clone()),
-        expected_body.clone(),
-    );
-
-    let out_pipeline = vec![doc! { "$out": "cat" }];
-    expected_body.insert("cursor", Document::new());
-    expected_body.insert("pipeline", bson_util::to_bson_array(&out_pipeline));
-    build_test(
-        ns.clone(),
-        out_pipeline,
-        Some(batch_size_options.clone()),
-        expected_body.clone(),
-    );
-
-    let merge_pipeline = vec![doc! {
-        "$merge": {
-            "into": "out",
-        }
-    }];
-    expected_body.insert("pipeline", bson_util::to_bson_array(&merge_pipeline));
-    build_test(ns, merge_pipeline, Some(batch_size_options), expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_target() {
-    let pipeline = Vec::new();
-
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let expected_body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "pipeline": [],
-        "cursor": {},
-    };
-    build_test(ns.clone(), pipeline.clone(), None, expected_body);
-
-    let expected_body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": 1,
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "pipeline": [],
-        "cursor": {}
-    };
-    build_test(ns.db, pipeline, None, expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_max_await_time() {
-    let options = AggregateOptions::builder()
-        .max_await_time(Duration::from_millis(5))
-        .max_time(Duration::from_millis(10))
-        .build();
-
-    let body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": 1,
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "cursor": {},
-        "maxTimeMS": 10i32,
-        "pipeline": []
-    };
-
-    build_test("test_db".to_string(), Vec::new(), Some(options), body);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn op_selection_criteria() {
     test::op_selection_criteria(|selection_criteria| {
diff --git a/src/operation/count/test.rs b/src/operation/count/test.rs
index 22bffd4bd..4102ce6d7 100644
--- a/src/operation/count/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/count/test.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
 
 use crate::{
     bson::doc,
-    bson_util,
     cmap::StreamDescription,
     coll::{options::EstimatedDocumentCountOptions, Namespace},
-    concern::ReadConcern,
     operation::{
         test::{self, handle_response_test},
         Count,
         Operation,
     },
-    options::ReadConcernLevel,
 };
 
 #[test]
@@ -33,41 +31,6 @@ fn build() {
     assert_eq!(count_command.target_db, "test_db");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn build_with_options() {
-    let read_concern: ReadConcern = ReadConcernLevel::Local.into();
-    let max_time = Duration::from_millis(2_u64);
-    let options: EstimatedDocumentCountOptions = EstimatedDocumentCountOptions::builder()
-        .max_time(max_time)
-        .read_concern(read_concern.clone())
-        .build();
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-    let mut count_op = Count::new(ns, Some(options));
-    let count_command = count_op
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("error on build");
-
-    assert_eq!(count_command.target_db, "test_db");
-
-    let mut expected_body = doc! {
-        "count": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "maxTimeMS": max_time.as_millis() as i32,
-        "readConcern": doc! {"level": read_concern.level.as_str().to_string() },
-    };
-
-    let cmd_bytes = count_op.serialize_command(count_command).unwrap();
-    let mut cmd_doc = bson::from_slice(&cmd_bytes).unwrap();
-
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut cmd_doc);
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut expected_body);
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc, expected_body);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn op_selection_criteria() {
     test::op_selection_criteria(|selection_criteria| {
diff --git a/src/operation/count_documents/test.rs b/src/operation/count_documents/test.rs
index 42260199a..94d2e82cc 100644
--- a/src/operation/count_documents/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/count_documents/test.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
+
 use crate::{
     bson::doc,
     bson_util,
     cmap::StreamDescription,
     coll::Namespace,
-    concern::ReadConcern,
-    operation::{
-        test::{self, handle_response_test},
-        Operation,
-    },
-    options::{CountOptions, Hint},
+    operation::{test::handle_response_test, Operation},
 };
 
 use super::CountDocuments;
@@ -40,59 +38,6 @@ fn build() {
     assert_eq!(count_command.target_db, "test_db");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn build_with_options() {
-    let skip = 2;
-    let limit = 5;
-    let options = CountOptions::builder()
-        .skip(skip)
-        .limit(limit)
-        .hint(Hint::Name("_id_1".to_string()))
-        .read_concern(ReadConcern::available())
-        .build();
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-    let mut count_op = CountDocuments::new(ns, None, Some(options)).unwrap();
-    let count_command = count_op
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("error on build");
-    assert_eq!(count_command.target_db, "test_db");
-
-    let mut expected_body = doc! {
-        "aggregate": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "pipeline": [
-            { "$match": {} },
-            { "$skip": skip as i64 },
-            { "$limit": limit as i64 },
-            { "$group": { "_id": 1, "n": { "$sum": 1 } } },
-        ],
-        "hint": "_id_1",
-        "cursor": { },
-        "readConcern": { "level": "available" },
-    };
-
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut expected_body);
-    let serialized_command = count_op.serialize_command(count_command).unwrap();
-    let mut cmd_doc = bson::from_slice(&serialized_command).unwrap();
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut cmd_doc);
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc, expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn op_selection_criteria() {
-    test::op_selection_criteria(|selection_criteria| {
-        let options = CountOptions {
-            selection_criteria,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        CountDocuments::new(Namespace::empty(), None, Some(options)).unwrap()
-    });
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn handle_success() {
     let ns = Namespace {
diff --git a/src/operation/distinct/test.rs b/src/operation/distinct/test.rs
index 955e725f1..5dfa0133f 100644
--- a/src/operation/distinct/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/distinct/test.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
+
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::{
diff --git a/src/operation/find/test.rs b/src/operation/find/test.rs
index aafe7374a..57bb6dd28 100644
--- a/src/operation/find/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/find/test.rs
@@ -1,195 +1,15 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::{
-    bson::{doc, Document},
-    bson_util,
-    cmap::StreamDescription,
+    bson::doc,
     operation::{
         test::{self, handle_response_test},
         Find,
-        Operation,
     },
-    options::{CursorType, FindOptions, Hint, ReadConcern, ReadConcernLevel},
+    options::{CursorType, FindOptions},
     Namespace,
 };
 
-fn build_test(
-    ns: Namespace,
-    filter: Option<Document>,
-    options: Option<FindOptions>,
-    mut expected_body: Document,
-) {
-    let mut find = Find::new(ns.clone(), filter, options);
-
-    let cmd = find.build(&StreamDescription::new_testing()).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.name.as_str(), "find");
-    assert_eq!(cmd.target_db.as_str(), ns.db.as_str());
-
-    let cmd_bytes = find.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let mut cmd_doc = bson::from_slice(&cmd_bytes).unwrap();
-
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut expected_body);
-    bson_util::sort_document(&mut cmd_doc);
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc, expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let filter = doc! {
-        "x": 2,
-        "y": { "$gt": 1 },
-    };
-
-    let options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .hint(Hint::Keys(doc! { "x": 1, "y": 2 }))
-        .projection(doc! { "x": 0 })
-        .allow_partial_results(true)
-        .read_concern(ReadConcern::from(ReadConcernLevel::Available))
-        .build();
-
-    let expected_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "filter": filter.clone(),
-        "hint": {
-            "x": 1,
-            "y": 2,
-        },
-        "projection": {
-            "x": 0
-        },
-        "allowPartialResults": true,
-        "readConcern": {
-            "level": "available"
-        }
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns, Some(filter), Some(options), expected_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_cursor_type() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let non_tailable_options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .cursor_type(CursorType::NonTailable)
-        .build();
-
-    let non_tailable_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-    };
-
-    build_test(
-        ns.clone(),
-        None,
-        Some(non_tailable_options),
-        non_tailable_body,
-    );
-
-    let tailable_options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .cursor_type(CursorType::Tailable)
-        .build();
-
-    let tailable_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "tailable": true,
-        "$db": "test_db",
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns.clone(), None, Some(tailable_options), tailable_body);
-
-    let tailable_await_options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .cursor_type(CursorType::TailableAwait)
-        .build();
-
-    let tailable_await_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "tailable": true,
-        "awaitData": true,
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns, None, Some(tailable_await_options), tailable_await_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_max_await_time() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .max_await_time(Duration::from_millis(5))
-        .max_time(Duration::from_millis(10))
-        .build();
-
-    let body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "maxTimeMS": 10i32
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns, None, Some(options), body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_limit() {
-    let ns = Namespace {
-        db: "test_db".to_string(),
-        coll: "test_coll".to_string(),
-    };
-
-    let positive_options = FindOptions::builder().limit(5).build();
-
-    let positive_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "limit": 5_i64
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns.clone(), None, Some(positive_options), positive_body);
-
-    let negative_options = FindOptions::builder().limit(-5).build();
-
-    let negative_body = doc! {
-        "find": "test_coll",
-        "$db": "test_db",
-        "limit": 5_i64,
-        "singleBatch": true
-    };
-
-    build_test(ns, None, Some(negative_options), negative_body);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_batch_size() {
-    let options = FindOptions::builder().batch_size(1).build();
-    let body = doc! {
-        "find": "",
-        "$db": "",
-        "batchSize": 1
-    };
-    build_test(Namespace::empty(), None, Some(options), body);
-
-    let options = FindOptions::builder()
-        .batch_size((std::i32::MAX as u32) + 1)
-        .build();
-    let mut op = Find::new(Namespace::empty(), None, Some(options));
-    assert!(op.build(&StreamDescription::new_testing()).is_err())
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn op_selection_criteria() {
     test::op_selection_criteria(|selection_criteria| {
diff --git a/src/operation/find_and_modify.rs b/src/operation/find_and_modify.rs
index a065409ea..04e6a538d 100644
--- a/src/operation/find_and_modify.rs
+++ b/src/operation/find_and_modify.rs
@@ -138,10 +138,6 @@ impl<'a, R: Serialize, T: DeserializeOwned> OperationWithDefaults for FindAndMod
         ))
     }
 
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        cmd.into_bson_bytes()
-    }
-
     fn handle_response(
         &self,
         response: RawCommandResponse,
diff --git a/src/operation/get_more.rs b/src/operation/get_more.rs
index 2fb4f77a8..e486bbb49 100644
--- a/src/operation/get_more.rs
+++ b/src/operation/get_more.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ impl<'conn> OperationWithDefaults for GetMore<'conn> {
         }
 
         if let Some(ref max_time) = self.max_time {
-            body.insert("maxTimeMS", max_time.as_millis() as i32);
+            body.insert(
+                "maxTimeMS",
+                max_time.as_millis().try_into().unwrap_or(i32::MAX),
+            );
         }
 
         if let Some(ref comment) = self.comment {
diff --git a/src/operation/insert.rs b/src/operation/insert.rs
index 4c51b1c59..8ace66155 100644
--- a/src/operation/insert.rs
+++ b/src/operation/insert.rs
@@ -7,51 +7,43 @@ use bson::{oid::ObjectId, Bson, RawArrayBuf, RawDocumentBuf};
 use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::{
-    bson::doc,
+    bson::rawdoc,
     bson_util,
+    checked::Checked,
     cmap::{Command, RawCommandResponse, StreamDescription},
     error::{BulkWriteFailure, Error, ErrorKind, Result},
-    operation::{
-        remove_empty_write_concern,
-        OperationWithDefaults,
-        Retryability,
-        WriteResponseBody,
-    },
+    operation::{OperationWithDefaults, Retryability, WriteResponseBody},
     options::{InsertManyOptions, WriteConcern},
     results::InsertManyResult,
     serde_util,
     Namespace,
 };
 
-use super::CommandBody;
+use super::{COMMAND_OVERHEAD_SIZE, MAX_ENCRYPTED_WRITE_SIZE};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Insert<'a, T> {
     ns: Namespace,
     documents: Vec<&'a T>,
     inserted_ids: Vec<Bson>,
-    options: Option<InsertManyOptions>,
+    options: InsertManyOptions,
     encrypted: bool,
     human_readable_serialization: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a, T> Insert<'a, T> {
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        ns: Namespace,
-        documents: Vec<&'a T>,
-        options: Option<InsertManyOptions>,
-        human_readable_serialization: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::new_encrypted(ns, documents, options, false, human_readable_serialization)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn new_encrypted(
         ns: Namespace,
         documents: Vec<&'a T>,
         options: Option<InsertManyOptions>,
         encrypted: bool,
         human_readable_serialization: bool,
     ) -> Self {
+        let mut options = options.unwrap_or_default();
+        if options.ordered.is_none() {
+            options.ordered = Some(true);
+        }
+
         Self {
             ns,
             options,
@@ -61,30 +53,26 @@ impl<'a, T> Insert<'a, T> {
             human_readable_serialization,
         }
     }
-
-    fn is_ordered(&self) -> bool {
-        self.options
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|o| o.ordered)
-            .unwrap_or(true)
-    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Insert<'a, T> {
     type O = InsertManyResult;
-    type Command = InsertCommand;
+    type Command = RawDocumentBuf;
 
     const NAME: &'static str = "insert";
 
-    fn build(&mut self, description: &StreamDescription) -> Result<Command<InsertCommand>> {
-        let mut docs = RawArrayBuf::new();
+    fn build(&mut self, description: &StreamDescription) -> Result<Command<Self::Command>> {
+        let mut docs = Vec::new();
         let mut size = 0;
-        let batch_size_limit = description.max_bson_object_size as u64;
+
+        let max_doc_size = Checked::<usize>::try_from(description.max_bson_object_size)?;
+        let max_doc_sequence_size =
+            Checked::<usize>::try_from(description.max_message_size_bytes)? - COMMAND_OVERHEAD_SIZE;
 
         for (i, d) in self
             .documents
             .iter()
-            .take(description.max_write_batch_size as usize)
+            .take(Checked::new(description.max_write_batch_size).try_into()?)
             .enumerate()
         {
             let mut doc =
@@ -105,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Insert<'a, T> {
                     bytes.splice(4..4, oid_slice.iter().cloned());
 
                     // overwrite old length
-                    let new_length = (bytes.len() as i32).to_le_bytes();
+                    let new_length = Checked::new(bytes.len()).try_into::<i32>()?.to_le_bytes();
                     bytes[0..4].copy_from_slice(&new_length);
                     doc = RawDocumentBuf::from_bytes(bytes)?;
 
@@ -113,47 +101,55 @@ impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Insert<'a, T> {
                 }
             };
 
-            let doc_size = bson_util::array_entry_size_bytes(i, doc.as_bytes().len());
-
-            if self.encrypted && size > 0 && size + doc_size >= 2_097_152 {
-                break;
+            let doc_size = doc.as_bytes().len();
+            if doc_size > max_doc_size.get()? {
+                return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidArgument {
+                    message: format!(
+                        "insert document must be within {} bytes, but document provided is {} \
+                         bytes",
+                        max_doc_size, doc_size
+                    ),
+                }
+                .into());
             }
-            if size + doc_size <= batch_size_limit {
-                if self.inserted_ids.len() <= i {
-                    self.inserted_ids.push(id);
+
+            // From the spec: Drivers MUST not reduce the size limits for a single write before
+            // automatic encryption. I.e. if a single document has size larger than 2MiB (but less
+            // than `maxBsonObjectSize`) proceed with automatic encryption.
+            if self.encrypted && i != 0 {
+                let doc_entry_size = bson_util::array_entry_size_bytes(i, doc.as_bytes().len())?;
+                if (Checked::new(size) + doc_entry_size).get()? >= MAX_ENCRYPTED_WRITE_SIZE {
+                    break;
                 }
-                docs.push(doc);
-                size += doc_size;
-            } else {
+            } else if (Checked::new(size) + doc_size).get()? > max_doc_sequence_size.get()? {
                 break;
             }
-        }
 
-        if docs.is_empty() {
-            return Err(ErrorKind::InvalidArgument {
-                message: "document exceeds maxBsonObjectSize".to_string(),
-            }
-            .into());
+            self.inserted_ids.push(id);
+            docs.push(doc);
+            size += doc_size;
         }
-        let mut options = self.options.clone().unwrap_or_default();
-        options.ordered = Some(self.is_ordered());
-        remove_empty_write_concern!(Some(&mut options));
 
-        let body = InsertCommand {
-            insert: self.ns.coll.clone(),
-            documents: docs,
-            options,
+        let mut body = rawdoc! {
+            Self::NAME: self.ns.coll.clone(),
         };
 
-        Ok(Command::new("insert".to_string(), self.ns.db.clone(), body))
-    }
+        let options_doc = bson::to_raw_document_buf(&self.options)?;
+        bson_util::extend_raw_document_buf(&mut body, options_doc)?;
 
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        let mut doc = bson::to_raw_document_buf(&cmd)?;
-        // need to append documents separately because #[serde(flatten)] breaks the custom
-        // serialization logic. See https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2106.
-        doc.append("documents", cmd.body.documents);
-        Ok(doc.into_bytes())
+        if self.encrypted {
+            // Auto-encryption does not support document sequences
+            let mut raw_array = RawArrayBuf::new();
+            for doc in docs {
+                raw_array.push(doc);
+            }
+            body.append("documents", raw_array);
+            Ok(Command::new(Self::NAME, &self.ns.db, body))
+        } else {
+            let mut command = Command::new(Self::NAME, &self.ns.db, body);
+            command.add_document_sequence("documents", docs);
+            Ok(command)
+        }
     }
 
     fn handle_response(
@@ -162,16 +158,12 @@ impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Insert<'a, T> {
         _description: &StreamDescription,
     ) -> Result<Self::O> {
         let response: WriteResponseBody = raw_response.body_utf8_lossy()?;
+        let response_n = Checked::<usize>::try_from(response.n)?;
 
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
-        if self.is_ordered() {
+        if self.options.ordered == Some(true) {
             // in ordered inserts, only the first n were attempted.
-            for (i, id) in self
-                .inserted_ids
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .take(response.n as usize)
-            {
+            for (i, id) in self.inserted_ids.iter().enumerate().take(response_n.get()?) {
                 map.insert(i, id.clone());
             }
         } else {
@@ -203,24 +195,10 @@ impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Insert<'a, T> {
     }
 
     fn write_concern(&self) -> Option<&WriteConcern> {
-        self.options.as_ref().and_then(|o| o.write_concern.as_ref())
+        self.options.write_concern.as_ref()
     }
 
     fn retryability(&self) -> Retryability {
         Retryability::Write
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Serialize)]
-pub(crate) struct InsertCommand {
-    insert: String,
-
-    /// will be serialized in `serialize_command`
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    documents: RawArrayBuf,
-
-    #[serde(flatten)]
-    options: InsertManyOptions,
-}
-
-impl CommandBody for InsertCommand {}
diff --git a/src/operation/insert/test.rs b/src/operation/insert/test.rs
index 97de1e9b1..6e221a5d2 100644
--- a/src/operation/insert/test.rs
+++ b/src/operation/insert/test.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,8 @@
-use bson::{
-    oid::ObjectId,
-    spec::BinarySubtype,
-    Binary,
-    DateTime,
-    JavaScriptCodeWithScope,
-    Regex,
-    Timestamp,
-};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
-    bson::{doc, Bson, Document},
+    bson::{doc, Document},
     cmap::StreamDescription,
     concern::WriteConcern,
     error::{BulkWriteError, ErrorKind, WriteConcernError},
@@ -23,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
 struct TestFixtures {
     op: Insert<'static, Document>,
     documents: Vec<Document>,
-    options: InsertManyOptions,
 }
 
 /// Get an Insert operation and the documents/options used to construct it.
@@ -50,221 +40,20 @@ fn fixtures(opts: Option<InsertManyOptions>) -> TestFixtures {
         DOCUMENTS.iter().collect(),
         Some(options.clone()),
         false,
+        false,
     );
 
     TestFixtures {
         op,
         documents: DOCUMENTS.clone(),
-        options,
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn build() {
-    let mut fixtures = fixtures(None);
-
-    let description = StreamDescription::new_testing();
-    let cmd = fixtures.op.build(&description).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.name.as_str(), "insert");
-    assert_eq!(cmd.target_db.as_str(), "test_db");
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.body.insert, "test_coll".to_string());
-
-    let mut cmd_docs: Vec<Document> = cmd
-        .body
-        .documents
-        .as_ref()
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|b| Document::from_reader(b.unwrap().as_document().unwrap().as_bytes()).unwrap())
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(cmd_docs.len(), fixtures.documents.len());
-
-    for (original_doc, cmd_doc) in fixtures.documents.iter().zip(cmd_docs.iter_mut()) {
-        assert!(cmd_doc.get("_id").is_some());
-        if original_doc.get("_id").is_none() {
-            cmd_doc.remove("_id");
-        }
-        assert_eq!(original_doc, cmd_doc);
-    }
-
-    let serialized = fixtures.op.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd_doc = Document::from_reader(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd_doc.get("ordered"),
-        fixtures.options.ordered.map(Bson::Boolean).as_ref()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd_doc.get("bypassDocumentValidation"),
-        fixtures
-            .options
-            .bypass_document_validation
-            .map(Bson::Boolean)
-            .as_ref()
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        cmd_doc.get("writeConcern"),
-        fixtures
-            .options
-            .write_concern
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|wc| bson::to_bson(wc).unwrap())
-            .as_ref()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn build_ordered() {
-    let docs = vec![Document::new()];
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(Namespace::empty(), docs.iter().collect(), None, false);
-    let cmd = insert
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("should succeed");
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd_doc = Document::from_reader(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc.get("ordered"), Some(&Bson::Boolean(true)));
-
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(
-        Namespace::empty(),
-        docs.iter().collect(),
-        Some(InsertManyOptions::builder().ordered(false).build()),
-        false,
-    );
-    let cmd = insert
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("should succeed");
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd_doc = Document::from_reader(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc.get("ordered"), Some(&Bson::Boolean(false)));
-
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(
-        Namespace::empty(),
-        docs.iter().collect(),
-        Some(InsertManyOptions::builder().ordered(true).build()),
-        false,
-    );
-    let cmd = insert
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("should succeed");
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd_doc = Document::from_reader(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc.get("ordered"), Some(&Bson::Boolean(true)));
-
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(
-        Namespace::empty(),
-        docs.iter().collect(),
-        Some(InsertManyOptions::builder().build()),
-        false,
-    );
-    let cmd = insert
-        .build(&StreamDescription::new_testing())
-        .expect("should succeed");
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd_doc = Document::from_reader(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(cmd_doc.get("ordered"), Some(&Bson::Boolean(true)));
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 struct Documents<D> {
     documents: Vec<D>,
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn generate_ids() {
-    let docs = vec![doc! { "x": 1 }, doc! { "_id": 1_i32, "x": 2 }];
-
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(Namespace::empty(), docs.iter().collect(), None, false);
-    let cmd = insert.build(&StreamDescription::new_testing()).unwrap();
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-    struct D {
-        x: i32,
-
-        #[serde(rename = "_id")]
-        id: Bson,
-    }
-
-    let docs: Documents<D> = bson::from_slice(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(docs.documents.len(), 2);
-    let docs = docs.documents;
-
-    docs[0].id.as_object_id().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(docs[0].x, 1);
-
-    assert_eq!(docs[1].id, Bson::Int32(1));
-    assert_eq!(docs[1].x, 2);
-
-    // ensure the _id was prepended to the document
-    let docs: Documents<Document> = bson::from_slice(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(docs.documents[0].iter().next().unwrap().0, "_id")
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn serialize_all_types() {
-    let binary = Binary {
-        bytes: vec![36, 36, 36],
-        subtype: BinarySubtype::Generic,
-    };
-    let date = DateTime::now();
-    let regex = Regex {
-        pattern: "hello".to_string(),
-        options: "x".to_string(),
-    };
-    let timestamp = Timestamp {
-        time: 123,
-        increment: 456,
-    };
-    let code = Bson::JavaScriptCode("console.log(1)".to_string());
-    let code_w_scope = JavaScriptCodeWithScope {
-        code: "console.log(a)".to_string(),
-        scope: doc! { "a": 1 },
-    };
-    let oid = ObjectId::new();
-    let subdoc = doc! { "k": true, "b": { "hello": "world" } };
-
-    let decimal = {
-        let bytes = hex::decode("18000000136400D0070000000000000000000000003A3000").unwrap();
-        let d = Document::from_reader(bytes.as_slice()).unwrap();
-        d.get("d").unwrap().clone()
-    };
-
-    let docs = vec![doc! {
-        "x": 1_i32,
-        "y": 2_i64,
-        "s": "oke",
-        "array": [ true, "oke", { "12": 24 } ],
-        "bson": 1234.5,
-        "oid": oid,
-        "null": Bson::Null,
-        "subdoc": subdoc,
-        "b": true,
-        "d": 12.5,
-        "binary": binary,
-        "date": date,
-        "regex": regex,
-        "ts": timestamp,
-        "i": { "a": 300, "b": 12345 },
-        "undefined": Bson::Undefined,
-        "code": code,
-        "code_w_scope": code_w_scope,
-        "decimal": decimal,
-        "symbol": Bson::Symbol("ok".to_string()),
-        "min_key": Bson::MinKey,
-        "max_key": Bson::MaxKey,
-        "_id": ObjectId::new(),
-    }];
-
-    let mut insert = Insert::new(Namespace::empty(), docs.iter().collect(), None, false);
-    let cmd = insert.build(&StreamDescription::new_testing()).unwrap();
-    let serialized = insert.serialize_command(cmd).unwrap();
-    let cmd: Documents<Document> = bson::from_slice(serialized.as_slice()).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(cmd.documents, docs);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn handle_success() {
     let mut fixtures = fixtures(None);
diff --git a/src/operation/raw_output.rs b/src/operation/raw_output.rs
index 151d7b3e7..254ea316b 100644
--- a/src/operation/raw_output.rs
+++ b/src/operation/raw_output.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ impl<Op: Operation> Operation for RawOutput<Op> {
         self.0.build(description)
     }
 
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.0.serialize_command(cmd)
-    }
-
     fn extract_at_cluster_time(
         &self,
         response: &bson::RawDocument,
diff --git a/src/operation/run_cursor_command.rs b/src/operation/run_cursor_command.rs
index 88a6f4f66..766a2e1e5 100644
--- a/src/operation/run_cursor_command.rs
+++ b/src/operation/run_cursor_command.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,6 @@ impl<'conn> Operation for RunCursorCommand<'conn> {
         self.run_command.build(description)
     }
 
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.run_command.serialize_command(cmd)
-    }
-
     fn extract_at_cluster_time(
         &self,
         response: &bson::RawDocument,
diff --git a/src/operation/update.rs b/src/operation/update.rs
index 8c524f9e5..7ccfb8523 100644
--- a/src/operation/update.rs
+++ b/src/operation/update.rs
@@ -182,10 +182,6 @@ impl<'a, T: Serialize> OperationWithDefaults for Update<'a, T> {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn serialize_command(&mut self, cmd: Command<Self::Command>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-        cmd.into_bson_bytes()
-    }
-
     fn handle_response(
         &self,
         raw_response: RawCommandResponse,
diff --git a/src/sdam/description/topology.rs b/src/sdam/description/topology.rs
index 7faa99231..b4540fad6 100644
--- a/src/sdam/description/topology.rs
+++ b/src/sdam/description/topology.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         self.servers.get(address)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn update_command_with_read_pref<T>(
+    pub(crate) fn update_command_with_read_pref<T: Serialize>(
         &self,
         address: &ServerAddress,
         command: &mut Command<T>,
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         }
     }
 
-    fn update_command_read_pref_for_mongos<T>(
+    fn update_command_read_pref_for_mongos<T: Serialize>(
         &self,
         command: &mut Command<T>,
         criteria: Option<&SelectionCriteria>,
diff --git a/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection.rs b/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection.rs
index d41ccade6..e1aa5c380 100644
--- a/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection.rs
+++ b/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection.rs
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         primary: &ServerDescription,
         max_staleness: Duration,
     ) {
-        let max_staleness_ms = max_staleness.as_millis() as i64;
+        let max_staleness_ms = max_staleness.as_millis().try_into().unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
 
         servers.retain(|server| {
             let server_staleness = self.calculate_secondary_staleness_with_primary(server, primary);
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         servers: &mut Vec<&ServerDescription>,
         max_staleness: Duration,
     ) {
-        let max_staleness = max_staleness.as_millis() as i64;
+        let max_staleness = max_staleness.as_millis().try_into().unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
         let max_write_date = self
             .servers
             .values()
@@ -347,7 +347,11 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         let secondary_last_update = secondary.last_update_time?.timestamp_millis();
         let secondary_last_write = secondary.last_write_date().ok()??.timestamp_millis();
 
-        let heartbeat_frequency = self.heartbeat_frequency().as_millis() as i64;
+        let heartbeat_frequency = self
+            .heartbeat_frequency()
+            .as_millis()
+            .try_into()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
 
         let staleness = (secondary_last_update - secondary_last_write)
             - (primary_last_update - primary_last_write)
@@ -362,7 +366,11 @@ impl TopologyDescription {
         max_last_write_date: i64,
     ) -> Option<i64> {
         let secondary_last_write = secondary.last_write_date().ok()??.timestamp_millis();
-        let heartbeat_frequency = self.heartbeat_frequency().as_millis() as i64;
+        let heartbeat_frequency = self
+            .heartbeat_frequency()
+            .as_millis()
+            .try_into()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
 
         let staleness = max_last_write_date - secondary_last_write + heartbeat_frequency;
         Some(staleness)
diff --git a/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection/test/in_window.rs b/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection/test/in_window.rs
index d0a1f71cb..8d14ddd6f 100644
--- a/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection/test/in_window.rs
+++ b/src/sdam/description/topology/server_selection/test/in_window.rs
@@ -200,18 +200,21 @@ async fn load_balancing_test() {
         counts.sort();
 
         let share_of_selections = (*counts[0] as f64) / ((*counts[0] + *counts[1]) as f64);
-        assert!(
-            share_of_selections <= max_share,
-            "expected no more than {}% of selections, instead got {}%",
-            (max_share * 100.0) as u32,
-            (share_of_selections * 100.0) as u32
-        );
-        assert!(
-            share_of_selections >= min_share,
-            "expected at least {}% of selections, instead got {}%",
-            (min_share * 100.0) as u32,
-            (share_of_selections * 100.0) as u32
-        );
+        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+        {
+            assert!(
+                share_of_selections <= max_share,
+                "expected no more than {}% of selections, instead got {}%",
+                (max_share * 100.0) as u32,
+                (share_of_selections * 100.0) as u32
+            );
+            assert!(
+                share_of_selections >= min_share,
+                "expected at least {}% of selections, instead got {}%",
+                (min_share * 100.0) as u32,
+                (share_of_selections * 100.0) as u32
+            );
+        }
     }
 
     let mut handler = EventHandler::new();
diff --git a/src/sdam/description/topology/test.rs b/src/sdam/description/topology/test.rs
index 235b79841..9a4109177 100644
--- a/src/sdam/description/topology/test.rs
+++ b/src/sdam/description/topology/test.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 pub use event::TestSdamEvent;
 
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 pub(crate) fn f64_ms_as_duration(f: f64) -> Duration {
     Duration::from_micros((f * 1000.0) as u64)
 }
diff --git a/src/sdam/topology.rs b/src/sdam/topology.rs
index ce44b0559..0bf9f1a6c 100644
--- a/src/sdam/topology.rs
+++ b/src/sdam/topology.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use futures_util::{
     stream::{FuturesUnordered, StreamExt},
     FutureExt,
 };
+use serde::Serialize;
 use tokio::sync::{
     mpsc::{self, UnboundedReceiver, UnboundedSender},
     watch::{self, Ref},
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ impl Topology {
     }
 
     /// Updates the given `command` as needed based on the `criteria`.
-    pub(crate) fn update_command_with_read_pref<T>(
+    pub(crate) fn update_command_with_read_pref<T: Serialize>(
         &self,
         server_address: &ServerAddress,
         command: &mut Command<T>,
diff --git a/src/serde_util.rs b/src/serde_util.rs
index a25443dbd..a19217449 100644
--- a/src/serde_util.rs
+++ b/src/serde_util.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     bson::{doc, Bson, Document, RawDocumentBuf},
     bson_util::get_u64,
     error::{Error, Result},
+    options::WriteConcern,
 };
 
 pub(crate) mod duration_option_as_int_seconds {
@@ -17,9 +18,13 @@ pub(crate) mod duration_option_as_int_seconds {
         serializer: S,
     ) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
         match val {
-            Some(duration) if duration.as_secs() > i32::MAX as u64 => {
-                serializer.serialize_i64(duration.as_secs() as i64)
-            }
+            Some(duration) if duration.as_secs() > i32::MAX as u64 => serializer.serialize_i64(
+                duration
+                    .as_secs()
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?,
+            ),
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
             Some(duration) => serializer.serialize_i32(duration.as_secs() as i32),
             None => serializer.serialize_none(),
         }
@@ -41,9 +46,13 @@ pub(crate) fn serialize_duration_option_as_int_millis<S: Serializer>(
     serializer: S,
 ) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
     match val {
-        Some(duration) if duration.as_millis() > i32::MAX as u128 => {
-            serializer.serialize_i64(duration.as_millis() as i64)
-        }
+        Some(duration) if duration.as_millis() > i32::MAX as u128 => serializer.serialize_i64(
+            duration
+                .as_millis()
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?,
+        ),
+        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
         Some(duration) => serializer.serialize_i32(duration.as_millis() as i32),
         None => serializer.serialize_none(),
     }
@@ -76,6 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn serialize_u32_option_as_batch_size<S: Serializer>(
     serializer: S,
 ) -> std::result::Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
     match val {
+        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
         Some(val) if *val <= std::i32::MAX as u32 => (doc! {
             "batchSize": (*val as i32)
         })
@@ -140,6 +150,7 @@ where
     }
 
     let date_time = match AwsDateTime::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
         AwsDateTime::Double(seconds) => {
             let millis = seconds * 1000.0;
             bson::DateTime::from_millis(millis as i64)
@@ -167,6 +178,12 @@ pub(crate) fn to_raw_document_buf_with_options<T: Serialize>(
     Ok(raw_doc)
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn write_concern_is_empty(write_concern: &Option<WriteConcern>) -> bool {
+    write_concern
+        .as_ref()
+        .map_or(true, |write_concern| write_concern.is_empty())
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) fn deserialize_nonempty_vec<'de, D, T>(
     deserializer: D,
diff --git a/src/test.rs b/src/test.rs
index dec6e3388..cee6466f6 100644
--- a/src/test.rs
+++ b/src/test.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
+
 #[cfg(all(not(feature = "sync"), not(feature = "tokio-sync")))]
 mod atlas_connectivity;
 mod atlas_planned_maintenance_testing;
diff --git a/src/test/coll.rs b/src/test/coll.rs
index 0b25194e2..e3852b561 100644
--- a/src/test/coll.rs
+++ b/src/test/coll.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
-use std::{fmt::Debug, time::Duration};
+use std::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
-use crate::Namespace;
+use crate::{
+    event::command::CommandEvent,
+    test::{Event, EventHandler},
+    Client,
+    Namespace,
+};
+use bson::{rawdoc, RawDocumentBuf};
 use futures::stream::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use semver::VersionReq;
@@ -1280,3 +1286,96 @@ async fn configure_human_readable_serialization() {
         .await
         .unwrap();
 }
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "tokio-runtime", tokio::test)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "async-std-runtime", async_std::test)]
+async fn insert_many_document_sequences() {
+    if cfg!(feature = "in-use-encryption-unstable") {
+        log_uncaptured(
+            "skipping insert_many_document_sequences: auto-encryption does not support document \
+             sequences",
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let handler = Arc::new(EventHandler::new());
+    let client = Client::test_builder()
+        .event_handler(handler.clone())
+        .build()
+        .await;
+    let mut subscriber = handler.subscribe();
+
+    let max_object_size = client.server_info.max_bson_object_size;
+    let max_message_size = client.server_info.max_message_size_bytes;
+
+    let collection = client
+        .database("insert_many_document_sequences")
+        .collection::<RawDocumentBuf>("insert_many_document_sequences");
+    collection.drop(None).await.unwrap();
+
+    // A payload with > max_bson_object_size bytes but < max_message_size bytes should require only
+    // one round trip
+    let docs = vec![
+        rawdoc! { "s": "a".repeat((max_object_size / 2) as usize) },
+        rawdoc! { "s": "b".repeat((max_object_size / 2) as usize) },
+    ];
+    collection.insert_many(docs, None).await.unwrap();
+
+    let event = subscriber
+        .filter_map_event(Duration::from_millis(500), |e| match e {
+            Event::Command(command_event) => match command_event {
+                CommandEvent::Started(started) if started.command_name.as_str() == "insert" => {
+                    Some(started)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("did not observe command started event for insert");
+    let insert_documents = event.command.get_array("documents").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(insert_documents.len(), 2);
+
+    // Build up a list of documents that exceeds max_message_size
+    let mut docs = Vec::new();
+    let mut size = 0;
+    while size <= max_message_size {
+        // Leave some room for key/metadata bytes in document
+        let string_length = max_object_size - 500;
+        let doc = rawdoc! { "s": "a".repeat(string_length as usize) };
+        size += doc.as_bytes().len() as i32;
+        docs.push(doc);
+    }
+    let total_docs = docs.len();
+    collection.insert_many(docs, None).await.unwrap();
+
+    let first_event = subscriber
+        .filter_map_event(Duration::from_millis(500), |e| match e {
+            Event::Command(command_event) => match command_event {
+                CommandEvent::Started(started) if started.command_name.as_str() == "insert" => {
+                    Some(started)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("did not observe command started event for insert");
+    let first_batch_len = first_event.command.get_array("documents").unwrap().len();
+    assert!(first_batch_len < total_docs);
+
+    let second_event = subscriber
+        .filter_map_event(Duration::from_millis(500), |e| match e {
+            Event::Command(command_event) => match command_event {
+                CommandEvent::Started(started) if started.command_name.as_str() == "insert" => {
+                    Some(started)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("did not observe command started event for insert");
+    let second_batch_len = second_event.command.get_array("documents").unwrap().len();
+    assert_eq!(first_batch_len + second_batch_len, total_docs);
+}