diff --git a/.vscode/tasks.json b/.vscode/tasks.json
index e2b393727f..5915064e54 100644
--- a/.vscode/tasks.json
+++ b/.vscode/tasks.json
@@ -253,6 +253,7 @@
                 "Preprocessor3",
                 "Preprocessor4",
                 "Preprocessor5",
+                "Preprocessor6",
                 "IntegerConversion",
                 "Expressions",
                 "DeadCode",
diff --git a/c/common/src/codingstandards/c/IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro.qll b/c/common/src/codingstandards/c/IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro.qll
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af62cacfd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/common/src/codingstandards/c/IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro.qll
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import cpp
+import codingstandards.cpp.Macro
+import codingstandards.cpp.Naming
+
+/**
+ * Macros that cannot be replaced by functions
+ */
+abstract class IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro extends FunctionLikeMacro { }
+
+/** A function like macro that contains the use of a stringize or tokenize operator should not be replaced by a function. */
+private class StringizeOrTokenizeMacro extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  StringizeOrTokenizeMacro() {
+    exists(TokenPastingOperator t | t.getMacro() = this) or
+    exists(StringizingOperator s | s.getMacro() = this)
+  }
+}
+
+/** A standard library function like macro that should not be replaced by a function. */
+private class StandardLibraryFunctionLikeMacro extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  StandardLibraryFunctionLikeMacro() { Naming::Cpp14::hasStandardLibraryMacroName(this.getName()) }
+}
+
+/** A function like macro invocation as an `asm` argument cannot be replaced by a function. */
+private class AsmArgumentInvoked extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  AsmArgumentInvoked() {
+    any(AsmStmt s).getLocation().subsumes(this.getAnInvocation().getLocation())
+  }
+}
+
+/** A macro that is only invoked with constant arguments is more likely to be compile-time evaluated than a function call so do not suggest replacement. */
+private class OnlyConstantArgsInvoked extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  OnlyConstantArgsInvoked() {
+    forex(MacroInvocation mi | mi = this.getAnInvocation() |
+      //int/float literals
+      mi.getUnexpandedArgument(_).regexpMatch("\\d+")
+      or
+      //char literal or string literal, which is a literal surrounded by single quotes or double quotes
+      mi.getUnexpandedArgument(_).regexpMatch("('[^']*'|\"[^\"]*\")")
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/** A function like macro invoked to initialize an object with static storage that cannot be replaced with a function call. */
+private class UsedToStaticInitialize extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  UsedToStaticInitialize() {
+    any(StaticStorageDurationVariable v).getInitializer().getExpr() =
+      this.getAnInvocation().getExpr()
+  }
+}
+
+/** A function like macro that is called with an argument that is an operator that cannot be replaced with a function call. */
+private class FunctionLikeMacroWithOperatorArgument extends IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro {
+  FunctionLikeMacroWithOperatorArgument() {
+    exists(MacroInvocation mi | mi.getMacro() = this |
+      mi.getUnexpandedArgument(_) = any(Operation op).getOperator()
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/c/misra/src/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.ql b/c/misra/src/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.ql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e53294fba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/misra/src/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.ql
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/**
+ * @id c/misra/function-over-function-like-macro
+ * @name DIR-4-9: A function should be used in preference to a function-like macro where they are interchangeable
+ * @description Using a function-like macro instead of a function can lead to unexpected program
+ *              behaviour.
+ * @kind problem
+ * @precision medium
+ * @problem.severity recommendation
+ * @tags external/misra/id/dir-4-9
+ *       external/misra/audit
+ *       maintainability
+ *       readability
+ *       external/misra/obligation/advisory
+ */
+
+import cpp
+import codingstandards.c.misra
+import codingstandards.c.IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro
+
+predicate partOfConstantExpr(MacroInvocation i) {
+  exists(Expr e |
+    e.isConstant() and
+    not i.getExpr() = e and
+    i.getExpr().getParent+() = e
+  )
+}
+
+from FunctionLikeMacro m
+where
+  not isExcluded(m, Preprocessor6Package::functionOverFunctionLikeMacroQuery()) and
+  not m instanceof IrreplaceableFunctionLikeMacro and
+  //macros can have empty body
+  not m.getBody().length() = 0 and
+  //function call not allowed in a constant expression (where constant expr is parent)
+  forall(MacroInvocation i | i = m.getAnInvocation() | not partOfConstantExpr(i))
+select m, "Macro used instead of a function."
diff --git a/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.expected b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.expected
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22d614a183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.expected
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| test.c:6:1:6:25 | #define MACRO4(x) (x + 1) | Macro used instead of a function. |
+| test.c:11:1:11:48 | #define MACRO9() printf_custom("output = %d", 7) | Macro used instead of a function. |
diff --git a/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.qlref b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.qlref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..831e6e3101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.qlref
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rules/DIR-4-9/FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro.ql
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/test.c b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50e6bdb042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/misra/test/rules/DIR-4-9/test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#define MACRO(OP, L, R) ((L)OP(R))                      // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO2(L, R) (L + R)                            // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO3(L, R) (L " " R " " L)                    // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO4(x) (x + 1)                               // NON_COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO5(L, LR) (LR + 1)                          // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO6(x) printf_custom("output = %d", test##x) // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO7(x) #x                                    // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO8(x) "NOP"                                 // COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO9() printf_custom("output = %d", 7)        // NON_COMPLIANT
+#define MACRO10(x)                                      // COMPLIANT
+#define MY_ASSERT(X) assert(X) // NON_COMPLIANT[FALSE_NEGATIVE]
+
+const char a1[MACRO2(1, 1) + 6];
+extern printf_custom();
+int test1;
+
+void f() {
+  int i = MACRO(+, 1, 1);
+  int i2 = MACRO2(7, 10);
+
+  static int i3 = MACRO2(1, 1);
+
+  char *i4 = MACRO3("prefix", "suffix");
+
+  int i5 = MACRO4(1);
+
+  int i6 = MACRO4(MACRO2(1, 1));
+
+  int i7 = MACRO5(1, 1);
+
+  MACRO6(1);
+
+  char *i10 = MACRO7("prefix");
+
+  asm(MACRO8(1));
+
+  MY_ASSERT(1);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/Preprocessor6.qll b/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/Preprocessor6.qll
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9fb45b284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/Preprocessor6.qll
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//** THIS FILE IS AUTOGENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY DIRECTLY.  **/
+import cpp
+import RuleMetadata
+import codingstandards.cpp.exclusions.RuleMetadata
+
+newtype Preprocessor6Query = TFunctionOverFunctionLikeMacroQuery()
+
+predicate isPreprocessor6QueryMetadata(Query query, string queryId, string ruleId) {
+  query =
+    // `Query` instance for the `functionOverFunctionLikeMacro` query
+    Preprocessor6Package::functionOverFunctionLikeMacroQuery() and
+  queryId =
+    // `@id` for the `functionOverFunctionLikeMacro` query
+    "c/misra/function-over-function-like-macro" and
+  ruleId = "DIR-4-9"
+}
+
+module Preprocessor6Package {
+  Query functionOverFunctionLikeMacroQuery() {
+    //autogenerate `Query` type
+    result =
+      // `Query` type for `functionOverFunctionLikeMacro` query
+      TQueryC(TPreprocessor6PackageQuery(TFunctionOverFunctionLikeMacroQuery()))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/RuleMetadata.qll b/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/RuleMetadata.qll
index ad05d9b737..4dc785d482 100644
--- a/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/RuleMetadata.qll
+++ b/cpp/common/src/codingstandards/cpp/exclusions/c/RuleMetadata.qll
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import Preprocessor2
 import Preprocessor3
 import Preprocessor4
 import Preprocessor5
+import Preprocessor6
 import SideEffects1
 import SideEffects2
 import Strings1
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ newtype TCQuery =
   TPreprocessor3PackageQuery(Preprocessor3Query q) or
   TPreprocessor4PackageQuery(Preprocessor4Query q) or
   TPreprocessor5PackageQuery(Preprocessor5Query q) or
+  TPreprocessor6PackageQuery(Preprocessor6Query q) or
   TSideEffects1PackageQuery(SideEffects1Query q) or
   TSideEffects2PackageQuery(SideEffects2Query q) or
   TStrings1PackageQuery(Strings1Query q) or
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ predicate isQueryMetadata(Query query, string queryId, string ruleId) {
   isPreprocessor3QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
   isPreprocessor4QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
   isPreprocessor5QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
+  isPreprocessor6QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
   isSideEffects1QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
   isSideEffects2QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
   isStrings1QueryMetadata(query, queryId, ruleId) or
diff --git a/rule_packages/c/Preprocessor6.json b/rule_packages/c/Preprocessor6.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be0ae84851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rule_packages/c/Preprocessor6.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "MISRA-C-2012": {
+    "DIR-4-9": {
+      "properties": {
+        "obligation": "advisory"
+      },
+      "queries": [
+        {
+          "description": "Using a function-like macro instead of a function can lead to unexpected program behaviour.",
+          "kind": "problem",
+          "name": "A function should be used in preference to a function-like macro where they are interchangeable",
+          "precision": "medium",
+          "severity": "recommendation",
+          "short_name": "FunctionOverFunctionLikeMacro",
+          "tags": [
+            "external/misra/audit",
+            "maintainability",
+            "readability"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "A function should be used in preference to a function-like macro where they are interchangeable"
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rules.csv b/rules.csv
index b10e97a9ba..7b283db8b0 100644
--- a/rules.csv
+++ b/rules.csv
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-5,Yes,Advisory,,,Identifiers in the same name space with ov
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-6,Yes,Advisory,,,typedefs that indicate size and signedness should be used in place of the basic numerical types,,Types,Hard,
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-7,Yes,Required,,,"If a function returns error information, then that error information shall be tested",M0-3-2,Contracts,Import,
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-8,Yes,Advisory,,,"If a pointer to a structure or union is never dereferenced within a translation unit, then the implementation of the object should be hidden",,Pointers1,Medium,
-c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-9,Yes,Advisory,,,A function should be used in preference to a function-like macro where they are interchangeable,,Preprocessor,Medium,
+c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-9,Yes,Advisory,,,A function should be used in preference to a function-like macro where they are interchangeable,,Preprocessor6,Medium,Audit
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-10,Yes,Required,,,Precautions shall be taken in order to prevent the contents of a header file being included more than once,M16-2-3,Preprocessor2,Medium,
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-11,Yes,Required,,,The validity of values passed to library functions shall be checked,,Contracts,Hard,
 c,MISRA-C-2012,DIR-4-12,Yes,Required,,,Dynamic memory allocation shall not be used,,Banned,Medium,