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docs/DBMS/Indexing And Hashing/hashing.md

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The problem with static hashing is that it does not expand or shrink dynamically as the size of the database grows or shrinks. Dynamic hashing provides a mechanism in which data buckets are added and removed dynamically and on-demand. Dynamic hashing is also known as extended hashing.
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#### Organization
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The prefix of an entire hash value is taken as a hash index. Only a portion of the hash value is used for computing bucket addresses. Every hash index has a depth value to signify how many bits are used for computing a hash function. These bits can address \(2^n\) buckets. When all these bits are consumed, that is, when all the buckets are full, then the depth value is increased linearly and twice the buckets are allocated.
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The prefix of an entire hash value is taken as a hash index. Only a portion of the hash value is used for computing bucket addresses. Every hash index has a depth value to signify how many bits are used for computing a hash function. These bits can address $(2^n)$ buckets. When all these bits are consumed, that is, when all the buckets are full, then the depth value is increased linearly and twice the buckets are allocated.
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```mermaid
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graph TD;

docs/DBMS/Indexing And Hashing/indexing.md

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#### Structure of B+ Tree
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- **Internal Nodes:**
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- Contain at least ⌈n/2⌉ pointers, except the root node.
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- Contain at least $⌈n/2⌉$ pointers, except the root node.
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- At most, an internal node can contain n pointers.
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- **Leaf Nodes:**
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- Contain at least ⌈n/2⌉ record pointers and ⌈n/2⌉ key values.
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- Contain at least $⌈n/2⌉$ record pointers and $⌈n/2⌉$ key values.
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- At most, a leaf node can contain n record pointers and n key values.
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- Every leaf node contains one block pointer P to point to the next leaf node, forming a linked list.
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#### B+ Tree Insertion
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1. **Insertion at Leaf Node:**
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- If a leaf node overflows, split node into two parts.
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- Partition at i = ⌊(m+1)/2⌋.
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- Partition at $i = ⌊(m+1)/2⌋$.
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- First i entries are stored in one node.
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- Rest of the entries (i+1 onwards) are moved to a new node.
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- ith key is duplicated at the parent of the leaf.
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2. **Insertion at Non-leaf Node:**
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- Split node into two parts.
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- Partition the node at i = (m+1)/2.
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- Partition the node at $i = (m+1)/2⌋$.
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- Entries up to i are kept in one node.
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- Rest of the entries are moved to a new node.
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docs/DBMS/Storage And File Structure/dbms-file-structure.md

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The organization of data inside a file plays a major role in how efficiently these operations can be performed. The method used to locate the file pointer to a desired record inside a file varies based on whether the records are arranged sequentially or clustered.
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In summary, understanding the various file structures and their operations is crucial for efficient database management, ensuring optimal performance and reliability.
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```

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