Merge pull request #2024 from arunimaChintu/patch-3

Adds gfg soln  "find-duplicates-in-an-array"

Author: ajay-dhangar

dsa-solutions/gfg-solutions/Easy problems/find-duplicates-in-an-array

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+---
+id: find-duplicates-in-an-array
+title: Find Duplicates in an Array (gfg)
+sidebar_label: 0006 - Find Duplicates in an Array
+tags:
+  - Easy
+  - Array
+  - GeeksforGeeks
+  - CPP
+  - Python
+  - DSA
+description: "This tutorial covers the solution to the Find Duplicates in an Array problem from the GeeksforGeeks website, featuring implementations in Python and C++."
+---
+
+## Problem Description
+
+Given an array `arr` of size `n` which contains elements in the range from 0 to `n-1`, you need to find all the elements occurring more than once in the given array. Return the answer in ascending order. If no such element is found, return a list containing [-1].
+
+:::note
+ Try and perform all operations within the provided array. The extra (non-constant) space needs to be used only for the array to be returned.
+:::
+## Examples
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+```
+Input: arr = [2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+Output: [2, 3]
+Explanation: 2 and 3 occur more than once in the array.
+```
+
+**Example 2:**
+
+```
+Input: arr = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+Output: [-1]
+Explanation: No element occurs more than once.
+```
+
+## Your Task
+
+You don't need to read input or print anything. Your task is to complete the function `duplicates()` which takes the array `arr` as input and returns a list of the duplicate elements in ascending order.
+
+Expected Time Complexity: $O(n)$
+
+Expected Auxiliary Space: $O(1)$ (excluding the space for the output list)
+
+## Constraints
+
+* `1 ≤ n ≤ 10^5`
+* `0 ≤ arr[i] ≤ n-1`
+
+## Problem Explanation
+
+The problem is to find the duplicate elements in an array of size `n`, where the elements range from 0 to `n-1`. The duplicates should be returned in ascending order. If no duplicates are found, return [-1].
+
+## Code Implementation
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="Python" label="Python" default>
+  <SolutionAuthor name="@YourUsername"/>
+
+  ```py
+  class Solution:
+      def duplicates(self, arr):
+          n = len(arr)
+          # Use the array elements as index
+          for i in range(n):
+              arr[arr[i] % n] += n
+
+          # Collect elements that occur more than once
+          result = [i for i in range(n) if arr[i] // n > 1]
+
+          return result if result else [-1]
+
+  # Example usage
+  if __name__ == "__main__":
+      solution = Solution()
+      print(solution.duplicates([2, 3, 1, 2, 3]))  # Expected output: [2, 3]
+      print(solution.duplicates([0, 1, 2, 3]))  # Expected output: [-1]
+  ```
+
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="C++" label="C++">
+  <SolutionAuthor name="@YourUsername"/>
+
+  ```cpp
+  #include <iostream>
+  #include <vector>
+  #include <algorithm>
+  using namespace std;
+
+  class Solution {
+  public:
+      vector<int> duplicates(vector<long long>& arr) {
+          int n = arr.size();
+          vector<int> result;
+
+          // Use the array elements as index
+          for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+              arr[arr[i] % n] += n;
+          }
+
+          // Collect elements that occur more than once
+          for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+              if (arr[i] / n > 1) {
+                  result.push_back(i);
+              }
+          }
+
+          if (result.empty()) {
+              return {-1};
+          }
+
+          return result;
+      }
+  };
+
+  // Example usage
+  void solve() {
+      int n;
+      cin >> n;
+      vector<long long> arr(n);
+      for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          cin >> arr[i];
+      }
+
+      Solution obj;
+      vector<int> ans = obj.duplicates(arr);
+      for (int i : ans) {
+          cout << i << ' ';
+      }
+      cout << endl;
+  }
+
+  int main() {
+      int t;
+      cin >> t;
+
+      while (t--) {
+          solve();
+      }
+      return 0;
+  }
+  ```
+
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+## Example Walkthrough
+
+For the array `arr = [2, 3, 1, 2, 3]`:
+
+1. Iterate through the array and use each element as an index. Increase the value at that index by `n` to mark the occurrence.
+2. After the iteration, elements with values greater than `2 * n` indicate duplicates.
+3. Collect such elements and return them in ascending order.
+
+For the array `arr = [0, 1, 2, 3]`:
+
+1. Iterate through the array and use each element as an index. Increase the value at that index by `n` to mark the occurrence.
+2. After the iteration, no elements have values greater than `2 * n`.
+3. Return [-1] since no duplicates are found.
+
+## Solution Logic:
+
+1. Iterate through the array, using each element as an index.
+2. Increase the value at the calculated index by `n`.
+3. After the iteration, check which elements have values greater than `2 * n` to find duplicates.
+4. Collect such elements and return them in ascending order.
+
+## Time Complexity
+
+* The time complexity is $O(n)$, where n is the size of the input array.
+
+## Space Complexity
+
+* The auxiliary space complexity is $O(1)$ because we are not using any extra space proportional to the size of the input array.
+
+## References
+
+- **gfg Problem:** [gfg Problem](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/find-duplicates-in-an-array/1?page=1&difficulty=Easy&sortBy=submissions)
+- **Solution Author:** [arunimad6yuq](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/user/arunimad6yuq/)