fix(material/timepicker): deserialize ControlValueAccessor values correctly (#30149)

Fixes that the timepicker was clobbering otherwise parseable values when they're assigned through the `ControlValueAccessor`.

Fixes #30140.

(cherry picked from commit f7d787b)

Author: crisbeto

src/material/timepicker/timepicker-input.ts

@@ -178,7 +178,11 @@ export class MatTimepickerInput<D> implements ControlValueAccessor, Validator, O
    * @docs-private
    */
   writeValue(value: any): void {
-    this.value.set(this._dateAdapter.getValidDateOrNull(value));
+    // Note that we need to deserialize here, rather than depend on the value change effect,
+    // because `getValidDateOrNull` will clobber the value if it's parseable, but not created by
+    // the current adapter (see #30140).
+    const deserialized = this._dateAdapter.deserialize(value);
+    this.value.set(this._dateAdapter.getValidDateOrNull(deserialized));
   }
 
   /**