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The true power of monte carlo comes from the fact that it can be used to integrate literally any object that can be embedded into the square.
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As long as you can write some function to tell whether the provided point is inside the shape you want (like `in_circle()` in this case), you can use monte carlo integration!
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The true power of Monte Carlo comes from the fact that it can be used to integrate literally any object that can be embedded into the square.
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As long as you can write some function to tell whether the provided point is inside the shape you want (like `in_circle()` in this case), you can use Monte Carlo integration!
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This is obviously an incredibly powerful tool and has been used time and time again for many different areas of physics and engineering.
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I can guarantee that we will see similar methods crop up all over the place in the future!
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## Example Code
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Monte carlo methods are famous for their simplicity.
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Monte Carlo methods are famous for their simplicity.
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It doesn't take too many lines to get something simple going.
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Here, we are just integrating a circle, like we described above; however, there is a small twist and trick.
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Instead of calculating the area of the circle, we are instead trying to find the value of $$\pi$$, and
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: contents/quantum_systems/quantum_systems.md
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$$
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where $$D$$ is some positive definite matrix and $$\phi(\mathbf{r},t)$$ is the density (or temperature) of the system.
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In fact, this is why one of the most common types of quantum simulation is sometimes called _diffusion monte carlo_.
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In fact, this is why one of the most common types of quantum simulation is sometimes called _diffusion Monte Carlo_.
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There really isn't that much of a difference between the two systems in terms of how they are simulated on classical hardware... but we are getting ahead of ourselves.
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For now, let's talk about how quantum mechanics differs from classical mechanics and how we can use this to our advantage.
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In particular, it says:
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$$
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\sigma_x \sigma_p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}
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\sigma_x \sigma_p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}
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$$
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where $$\hbar$$ is Planck's constant and $$\sigma_q = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(q_i-\mu)^2}$$.
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$$
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and basically describes $$A$$ as a column vector.
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The _bra_ represents the Hermitian conjucate of the ket and looks like this:
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The _bra_ represents the Hermitian conjugate of the ket and looks like this:
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$$
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\langle B \rvert
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Now that we have a basic understanding of the notation, we should go through several other important quantum mechanical ideas and properties.
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## Eigenstates
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As mentioned, the wavefunction $$\Psi(x)$$ is complex and has both real and imaginary parts; however, there are certain states that are eclusively real.
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As mentioned, the wavefunction $$\Psi(x)$$ is complex and has both real and imaginary parts; however, there are certain states that are exclusively real.
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These states are _eigenstates_ of the system, and are often described as the constituent states that make up all other possible wavefunctions.
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In other words,
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As we proceed to add new algorithms to simulate quantum systems, I will add more and more notation to this section; however, there are already huge textbooks out there related to understanding and studying quantum systems.
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We don't want to re-invent the wheel here.
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Instead, we want to focus on an area that is often not considered with too much detail: algorithms and methods researchers use to ascertain new knowedge about quantum mechanics, like the split-operator method, DMRG, quantum monte carlo, exact diagonalization, and many more.
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Instead, we want to focus on an area that is often not considered with too much detail: algorithms and methods researchers use to ascertain new knowledge about quantum mechanics, like the split-operator method, DMRG, quantum Monte Carlo, exact diagonalization, and many more.
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Quantum mechanics is one of those areas of physics that really does push the boundary of human knowledge in a number of different areas and computing is one of those areas.
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In fact, [quantum information theory](../quantum_information/quantum_information.md) is currently set to be the next innovation to radically change the landscape of modern computation as we know it!
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